1. Response Meaning: An answer given to a question in a form.
   Example: We collected 30 responses from the class survey.
2. Field Meaning: A space on a form where you type or select your answer.
   Example: The name field must be filled in before you can submit.
3. Survey Meaning: A set of questions used to collect information from people.
   Example: We created a survey to find out what snacks learners enjoy at break time.

Stage Manager: The person who runs rehearsals, gives cues, and ensures the performance stays on track.

Lighting Designer: Uses lights to create mood, focus, and atmosphere for the performance.

Sound Technician: Balances microphones and adds sound effects to make the performance realistic.

Costume Designer: Designs clothing to show character, culture, and time period.

Front-of-House: The team that welcomes the audience, sells tickets, and ensures seating runs smoothly.

• Rehearsal – practising to refine performance.
• Polish – making small details sharp and clear.
• Projection – using voice to carry across space.
• Climax – the high point of drama.
• Ensemble Unity – the group moving/acting as one.
• Freeze Frame – stopping action for focus.
• Peer Assessment – classmates giving constructive feedback.

Refinement: Improving a performance by rehearsing and adjusting details.

Dramatic Tension: Suspense, excitement, or conflict that keeps the audience engaged.

Pause: A deliberate stop in dialogue or movement to create emphasis or suspense.

Pace: The speed at which dialogue or action is delivered; can be slow or fast.

Rising Conflict: Gradual build-up of challenges or obstacles in a scene to increase tension.

Prop: An object used on stage to support storytelling and help actors perform.

Narrative: The storyline or sequence of events in a drama.

Special Effects: Tools like light, sound, or simple tricks to create mood or atmosphere.

Atmosphere: The feeling or mood created for the audience during a performance.

Imaginative Transformation: Using a simple prop in a creative way to represent something else (e.g., a broom as a horse).

Ensemble: A group of actors working together as one unit, focusing on cooperation rather than individual spotlight.

Trust: Confidence that your fellow actors will support you, allowing creativity and safety in performance.

Timing: Precision in movement, speech, or reaction to make a performance flow and have impact.

Cue: A signal (line, movement, or gesture) that triggers the next action in a performance.

Ensemble Theatre: A style of theatre that emphasises the group over individual performers, often requiring improvisation and collaboration.

Actor: A performer who brings a story or character to life.

Audience: The people who watch and respond to a performance.

Space: The area where the drama takes place (stage, hall, classroom, or outdoor).

Levels: Using high, medium, or low positions in space to create meaning.

Drama Triangle: The relationship between Actor, Audience, and Space that makes performance complete.

Projection: Using your voice so it carries clearly across the performance space without shouting.

Articulation: The clear and precise pronunciation of words, making speech understandable.

Gesture: A movement of the hands, arms, or body that communicates an idea or emotion.

Stimulus: An object, word, theme, or event that sparks an improvisation or dramatic response.

Improvisation: Acting without a script, creating dialogue and action spontaneously in the moment.

• Ostinato – A short repeated pattern.
• Riff – A catchy repeated phrase (often in pop/jazz).
• Improvisation – Making up music in the moment.
• Call and Response – Question-and-answer style between leader and group.
• Texture – Layers of sound in music.

1. Graphic Score – A way of representing music with pictures and symbols.
2. Texture – How layers of sound are combined.
3. Timbre – The quality or colour of a sound (e.g., drum vs. voice).
4. Polyrhythm – Two or more rhythms played at the same time.
5. Dynamics – The volume of music (loud/soft).

• Rhythm – The pattern of long and short sounds or beats in music.
• Polyrhythm – Two or more different rhythms played at the same time.
• Texture – How many layers of sound are heard at once and how they interact.
• Crotchet (♩) – A note worth one beat.
• Cross-Rhythm – A type of polyrhythm where two rhythms with different beat groupings (e.g. 2 against 3) are played together.

• Pitch – The highness or lowness of a sound.
• Rhythm – The pattern of long and short sounds in music.
• Crotchet (♩) – A note value equal to one beat.
• Texture – How many layers of sound are heard at once (solo, duet, chorus, thick or thin).
• Lyrics – The words of a song that tell a story or express meaning.

• Treble Clef (G Clef) – A symbol used to notate higher-pitched notes, usually played with the right hand on the piano or by high-pitched instruments.
• Bass Clef (F Clef) – A symbol used to notate lower-pitched notes, usually played with the left hand on the piano or by low-pitched instruments.
• Pitch – The highness or lowness of a sound.
• Tempo – The speed of the beat in a piece of music (fast, slow, moderate).
• Dynamics – The loudness or softness of the music (piano = soft, forte = loud).

Colour: The hues you choose; warm or cool colours affect mood.

Tone: The lightness or darkness of a colour, giving a sense of depth.

Space: How objects are arranged to create near/far or crowded/empty effects.

Mood: The feeling or emotion created by colour, tone, and space.

Depth: The sense of three-dimensional space in a flat artwork.

Collage: Artwork created by cutting, layering, and pasting different materials.

Layering: Placing materials on top of each other to create depth.

Heritage: Things from the past that show history and culture.

Architecture: The design and structure of buildings.

Composition: How elements are arranged in a work of art.

Pattern: A design created by repeating a motif.

Motif: A single design unit that is repeated to make a pattern.

Geometric: Regular, mathematical shapes and designs.

Organic: Natural, free-flowing shapes or designs.

Rhythm: A visual sense of movement created by repeating elements.

Projection: Making your movements and energy reach the audience.

Expression: Showing feelings through movement and face.

Focus: Paying attention to your role and the group.

Control: Performing movements safely and precisely.

Choreography: The order and arrangement of dance steps.

Locomotor: Moves that travel (walk, leap, run).
Non-Locomotor: Moves in one spot (bend, twist, sway).
Motif: Small movement idea that can be repeated and varied.
Projection: Making your movements and energy reach the audience.
Emotion: Movement that shows feelings like joy, sadness, anger, calm.

Improvisation: Creating dance moves on the spot, without planning.

Emotion: A feeling such as joy, anger, sadness, or calm.

Contraction: A movement where the body curls or tightens, often to show tension or anger.

Release: A movement where the body opens or stretches, often to show relief, calm, or joy.

Expression: Showing a feeling through your body, face, and movements.

Gumboot: A dance using boots or shoes to stomp, clap, and slap rhythms.

Pantsula: A fast, sharp township dance with shuffles, kicks, and street-style moves.

Indlamu: A Zulu traditional dance with strong stamping, high kicks, and proud posture.

Motif: A small movement or step that can be repeated and varied in a dance.

Improvisation: Creating dance moves on the spot without a script or set sequence.

Motif: A short, simple movement idea.

Repetition: Doing the same movement again.

Variation: Changing a movement in size, speed, or direction.

Level: The height of movement (high, medium, low).

Choreography: The art of creating and arranging dance.

Stimulus: Something that sparks an idea for movement.

Improvisation: Making up movement on the spot, without planning.

Expression: Showing feelings, ideas, or stories through the body.

Creativity: Using your imagination to make something new.

Adaptability: Changing and adjusting your movements when things shift.

Motif: A small repeated movement idea.

Improvisation: Creating movement without planning.

Sequence: The order in which movements happen.

Stretching: Lengthening muscles to relax and prevent injury.

Cool-Down: Gentle movements after dancing to recover safely.

Sketch – rough drawing for planning
Composition – arrangement of elements in a picture
Medium – material used (paint, pencil, clay)
Technique – skill or method used
Focus – paying careful attention

Unity – togetherness in art
Variety – differences adding interest
Rhythm – repeated elements making flow
Movement – direction of the eye
Pattern – repeated design

Proportion – size relationship
Distortion – deliberate exaggeration
Emphasis – main focus
Focal point – where the eye goes first
Hierarchy – order of importance

Contrast – strong differences
Symmetry – mirror-like balance
Asymmetry – balance without mirroring
Radial – design spreading from the centre
Visual weight – how heavy something looks in a picture

Value – lightness or darkness
Highlight – lightest part
Shadow – darkest part
Gradation – gradual change from light to dark
Sfumato – soft shading technique

Actual texture – real, touchable surface
Implied texture – looks textured but is flat
Impasto – thick paint technique
Smooth – even, polished surface
Rough – uneven, bumpy surface

Primary colours – red, blue, yellow
Complementary colours – opposites on wheel
Warm colours – red, orange, yellow
Cool colours – blue, green, purple
Symbolism – meaning of colour

Geometric – mathematical, regular
Organic – natural, irregular
Form – 3D object with depth
Negative space – background space
Perspective – way to show depth

Contour – outline of a shape
Implied line – a line suggested, not drawn
Diagonal – slanted line showing movement
Expressive line – a line that shows emotion
Outline – a line around a shape

Element – basic part of art (ingredient)
Principle – way to organise art (recipe)
Contrast – strong differences
Balance – equal visual weight
Proportion – size relationship

Turn: Rotating the body around its axis.

Spotting: Fixing your eyes on one point during a turn to stay balanced.

Jump/Leap: Lifting the body off the ground using legs and arms.

Landing: The way you safely return to the ground after a jump.

Posture: The way you hold your body during movement for balance and control

Locomotor: Movements that travel from one place to another.
Non-Locomotor: Movements done in one spot without traveling.
Leap: A big jump from one foot to the other.
Twist: Turning the body or torso around.
Flow: How smoothly movements connect together.

Warm-Up: Exercises to prepare the body and mind for dance.
Posture: The way you hold your body while standing or moving.
Breathing: Using your lungs to power movement and expression.
Coordination: Using different body parts together smoothly.
Stamina: Your body’s ability to keep moving without getting tired.

• Line – The path made by a moving point; can be straight, curved, thick, or thin.
• Shape – A two-dimensional area with defined boundaries; can be geometric or organic.
• Texture – The way a surface feels or looks like it would feel.
• Space – The area around, between, or within objects; includes positive and negative space.
• Value – The lightness or darkness of a colour or shade.

• Relief – A raised design on a flat surface.
• Form – The 3D shape of something.
• Craftsmanship – Making your work carefully and skillfully.

1. Balance – How visual weight is distributed in a 3D object; can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.
2. Proportion – The size relationship between different parts of an object.
3. Emphasis – The focal point of a design; the part that stands out first.
4. Symmetrical – When both sides of an object mirror each other.
5. Asymmetrical – When sides are different but still feel visually balanced.

• Harmony – When the parts of a work feel like they belong together, often through repetition of shapes, colours, or textures.
• Contrast – The use of strong differences (e.g., light vs dark, smooth vs rough) to make parts stand out.
• Unity – The overall sense of completeness when all elements and principles work together.
• Focal Point – The part of an artwork that draws attention first.
• Motif – A repeated design, shape, or pattern in art.

• Pattern – A design created by repeating a motif.
• Motif – A single design unit that is repeated to make a pattern.
• Geometric – Regular, mathematical shapes and designs.
• Organic – Natural, free-flowing shapes or designs.
• Rhythm – A visual sense of movement created by repeating elements.

1. Collage – Artwork created by cutting, layering, and pasting different materials.
2. Layering – Placing materials on top of each other to create depth.
3. Heritage – Things from the past that show history and culture.
4. Architecture – The design and structure of buildings.
5. Composition – How elements are arranged in a work of art.

• Space – How objects are arranged to create near/far or crowded/empty effects.
• Mood – The feeling or emotion created by colour, tone, and space.
• Depth – The sense of three-dimensional space in a flat artwork.

• Rehearsal – A practice session to prepare for a performance.
• Run-Through – Playing or singing a piece from start to finish without stopping.
• Fixing Spots – Repeating problem areas to improve accuracy.
• Performance Etiquette – Rules for behaving correctly before, during, and after performing.
• Audience Etiquette – Rules for showing respect while listening to performers.

• Improvisation – Making up music as you go within a structure.
• Pulse – The steady beat of the music.
• Ostinato – A repeating rhythm or pattern.
• Polyrhythm – Two or more rhythms played at the same time.
• Solo – A part of the music performed by one person.

• Call – The first musical phrase that “asks a question” in the musical conversation.
• Response – The musical phrase that “answers” or replies to the call.
• Phrase – A short sequence of notes or rhythms that forms a complete musical idea.
• Rhythm – The pattern of long and short sounds in music.
• Dynamics – How loud or soft a sound is in music.

1. Graphic score – music written with symbols and pictures.
2. Pitch – how high or low a sound is.
3. Dynamics – how loud or soft the music is.
4. Timbre – the quality of a sound (e.g., clap vs. drum).
5. Legend (key) – a guide that explains what each symbol means.

1. Percussion – instruments that are struck, shaken, or hit to make sound.
2. Idiophone – an instrument that vibrates to make sound itself.
3. Membranophone – a drum with a stretched skin.
4. Ostinato – a repeated rhythmic or melodic pattern.
5. Ensemble – a group of musicians or performers working together.

1. Pitch – How high or low a note sounds.
2. Posture – The way you hold your body when singing.
3. Diction – Clear pronunciation of words.
4. Tonic Solfa – A system of syllables used to read and sing music scales.
5. Call and Response – A musical conversation where one voice sings and others answer.

Tempo – the speed of music
Dynamics – the loudness/softness of music
Allegro – fast and lively
Crescendo – getting louder
Diminuendo – getting softer

• Crotchet – A note that lasts 1 beat.
• Quaver – A note that lasts ½ a beat.
• Semiquaver – A note that lasts ¼ of a beat.
• Dotted Note – A note with a dot after it that increases its duration by half of its original value.
• Meter – The way beats are grouped in music, such as duple (2), triple (3), or quadruple (4).

• Note Value – The duration of a note, showing how long it should be held.
• Dotted Note – A note with a dot that increases its duration by half of its original value.
• Meter – The way beats are grouped in music, such as duple, triple, or quadruple.
• Crotchet – A note that lasts for 1 beat.
• Quaver – A note that lasts for ½ beat.

• Adaptation: Combining lines from different poems or stories
• Montage: Putting scenes or lines together creatively
• Transition: Moving smoothly between formations or levels
• Rehearsal: Practising timing, voice, and movement

• Adaptation – Changing text to fit time and performance.
• Montage – Combining scenes or lines creatively.
• Transition – Moving smoothly between levels, formations, or scenes.
• Rehearsal – Practising until timing, voice, and movement are polished.

1. Actor/Actress – A person who performs a character on stage, TV, or film.
2. Director – The person in charge of guiding actors and the production.
3. Stage Manager – Organises rehearsals, cues, and backstage activities.
4. Choreographer – Designs movement, dance, and stage action.
5. Costume Designer – Creates clothing for characters to bring them to life.

• Levels – The height of your body in space (high, medium, low).
• Formation – The shape the group makes on stage.
• Dynamics – Changes in volume, pace, or energy in voice and movement.
• Cue – A signal to start, stop, or change action.
• Stage Presence – The confidence and awareness an actor shows on stage.

• Narrator – The storyteller who guides the audience through the tale.
• Characterisation – The way an actor uses voice, movement, and expression to bring a character to life.
• Refrain – A repeated line or phrase in a story, often spoken by the group to create rhythm.
• Moral – The lesson or message the story teaches.
• Trickster – A clever, mischievous character who uses wit to outsmart others.

1. Tempo – The speed or pace of speech or performance.
2. Caesura – A deliberate pause in a line of speech or verse.
3. Stress/Emphasis – Making a word or syllable stand out by using volume, tone, or pitch.
4. Intonation – The rise and fall of the voice when speaking.
5. Phrasing – Grouping words together so they make sense and flow naturally.

• Interpretation and performance
• Voice- relaxation and posture, breathing exercises.
• Pitch, articulation
• Choral verse- text analysis, speaking in unison
• Careers in drama

• Turn – Rotating your body around its own axis.
• Spotting – Focusing your eyes on a fixed point while turning to maintain balance.
• Balance – The ability to control your body so you don’t fall while moving or turning.
• Rotation – The act of spinning or turning around a point or axis.
• Axis – An imaginary vertical line through your body that you rotate around during a turn.

• Smooth

• Movements that are flowing, continuous, and connected.
• Example: gliding across the floor or moving arms like waves.

• Jerky

• Movements that are sudden, sharp, and disconnected.
• Example: quick stops, isolated body parts, or robotic movements.

• Opposites

• Two movements or qualities that are very different from each other.
• Example: smooth vs jerky, soft vs strong, high vs low.

• Variety

• Using different movements, speeds, or energies in a dance to make it interesting.
• Example: mixing fast jumps with slow stretches.

• Contrast

• A noticeable difference between two movements, energies, or qualities.
• Example: a sudden sharp stomp after a slow, flowing arm movement.

• Dynamics – The way energy and force are used in movement (soft, strong, sudden, smooth).
• Flow – How continuous or interrupted a movement feels (free-flowing vs controlled).
• Weight – The sense of heaviness or lightness in a movement.
• Contrast – The difference between two movement qualities (e.g., sharp vs smooth).
• Expression – Showing feelings or ideas through movement.

Cooling Down

• • Gentle exercises and stretches done at the end of a dance class or performance.
  • Purpose: to slow the heart rate, relax muscles, and prevent injury.

Locomotor Movements

• • Movements that travel from one place to another.
  • Examples: walking, running, leaping, hopping, skipping, sliding, galloping.

Non-Locomotor Movements

• • Movements that are done on the spot without travelling.
  • Examples: bending, stretching, twisting, turning, balancing, swaying.

Flexibility

• • The ability of the muscles and joints to move through a wide range of motion.
  • Important in dance for high kicks, deep stretches, and fluid movements.

Recovery

• • The process of the body returning to a resting state after movement.
  • In dance, recovery also means the movement that follows a fall or drop, when the dancer regains balance or flow.

• Posture – how you hold your body.
• Alignment – stacking body parts in a straight line.
• Safe landing – toe → ball → heel → bend.
• Balance – staying steady without falling.
• Cooling down – slowing the body and stretching after dance.

• Posture – tall, confident body position
• Alignment – stacking head, shoulders, hips, knees, feet
• Spotting – fixing eyes while turning
• Sequence – a planned set of moves
• Teamwork – working together in unison

• Space – The area where dance happens (levels, directions, pathways).
• Time – The speed and rhythm of movement.
• Energy – The quality of movement (force, flow, opposites).
• Turn – A rotation around your body’s axis.
• Relationship – How dancers connect with the floor, props, or partners.

• Floor – The surface dancers move on, using levels (low, medium, high).
• Prop – An object used to support or add meaning to movement.
• Partner – A fellow dancer you interact with during movement.
• Unison – When two or more dancers perform the same movement at the same time.
• Contrast – When movements are opposite to highlight differences.

• Spotting – Fixing your eyes on one point while turning.
• Eye Focus – Where a dancer looks to show attention or emotion.
• Control – The ability to manage balance, energy, and movement.
• Confidence – Performing with strength, clarity, and assurance.
• Performance – How a dancer shares their movements with the audience.

• Direction – The path your body moves along during a turn (forward, backward, sideways, diagonal).
• Control – The ability to manage your body, force, and balance during a movement.
• Force – The strength or power behind a movement; can be strong, gentle, or somewhere in between.
• Travelling Turn – A turn where the dancer moves across the floor instead of staying in one spot.
• Focus – Using your eyes and attention to guide your turn and maintain balance (includes spotting).

•  Turn – Rotating your body around its own axis.
• Spotting – Focusing your eyes on a fixed point while turning to maintain balance.
• Balance – The ability to control your body so you don’t fall while moving or turning.
• Rotation – The act of spinning or turning around a point or axis.
•   Axis – An imaginary vertical line through your body that you rotate around during a turn.

• Draft (Isgaba sokuqala) – Isigaba sokuqala somsebenzi wokubhala lapho imibono ibhalwa phansi ngaphambi kokuhlela noma ukulungisa.
  Isibonelo: Ucwaningo lami lokuqala lunezimo ezinhle, kodwa kwakudingeka ngilungise ukuhleleka nopelomagama.
• Revise (Ukubuyekeza) – Ukushintsha noma ukuthuthukisa ukubhala kwakho ngokungeza, ukususa, noma ukuhlela kabusha imibono.
  Isibonelo: Ngahlela kabusha indaba yami ukuze isiphetho sijabulise.
• Edit (Hlola) – Ukulungisa amaphutha olimi, upelomagama, nezimpawu zokubhala embhalweni wakho.
  Isibonelo: Ngesikhathi ngihlela, ngilungise amakhoma futhi ngashintsha ezinye izenzo zibe senkathini edlule.
• Bibliography (Uhlu Lemithombo) – Uhlu lwemithombo oyisebenzisile ukuthola ulwazi lwephrojekthi yakho.
  Isibonelo: Ngifake i-bibliography ekugcineni komsebenzi wami ukuze ngikhombise ukuthi ngithole kuphi imininingwane yami.
• Climax (Uvuthondaba) – Ingxenye eshiysa kakhulu noma lapho ukungqubuzana kufinyelela phezulu.
  Isibonelo: Uvuthondaba lendaba luvela lapho iqhawe ligcina selibhekana ne-dragon.

• Uyilo lokuqala – Uyilo lokuqala lobhalo lweprojekthi ngaphambi kokuhlelwa okanye ukuphinda uhlengahlengiswe. Umzekelo uyilo lwam lokuqala beluneembono ezintle kodwa bekufuneka kulungiswe iimpazamo zopelo nelwakhiwo.
  • Ukuhlengahlengisa kwakhona – Ukuphinda uhlengahlengise uyilo lwakho ukuze uphucule izimvo, ususe ezingafunekiyo ulungelelanise izimvo. Umzekelo ndilihlaziyile ibali ukuze libe nesiphelo esinika umdla.
  • Ukuhlela – Ukulungisa iimpazamo zegrama, zokuchwetheza, kunye neempawu zokubhala. Umzekelo ndiyawuhlela umsebenzi wam ndilungise iziphene zeziphumlisi ndalungisa nexesha lesenzi, ibali lam lakwixesha eladlulayo.
  • Ibhibliyografi- uluhlu lwemithombolwazi – Uluhlu lwemithombo olusetyenziswe ukufumana ulwazi lweprojekthi yakho. Umzekelo Ekugqibeleni ndifakele uluhlu lwemithobolwazi endiyisebenzisileyo xa ndisenza uphando.
  • Uvuthondaba – Ixesha elibalulekileyo ebalini apho ingxaki ephambili ifikelela kwiqondo eliphezulu, apho kungekho kubuya ngamva.

• Konsep (Draft) – Die eerste weergawe van ’n stuk skryfwerk waarin idees neergeskryf word voordat dit geredigeer of hersien word.
Voorbeeld: My eerste konsep het goeie idees gehad, maar ek moes die spelling en struktuur regmaak.

• Hersien (Revise) – Om jou skryfwerk te verander of te verbeter deur idees by te voeg, te verwyder of te herrangskik.
Voorbeeld: Ek het my storie hersien om die einde meer opwindend te maak.

• Redigeer (Edit) – Om grammatika-, spel- en leestekenfoute in jou skryfwerk reg te stel.
Voorbeeld: Tydens redigering het ek die kommas reggemaak en sommige werkwoorde in die verlede tyd verander.

• Bibliografie (Bibliography) – ’n Lys van bronne wat jy gebruik het om inligting vir jou projek te vind.
Voorbeeld: Ek het aan die einde van my werk ’n bibliografie bygevoeg om te wys waar ek my feite gekry het.

• Klimaks (Climax) – Die mees intense of belangrikste deel van ’n storie waar die hoofprobleem sy hoogtepunt bereik.
Voorbeeld: Die klimaks van die storie is wanneer die held uiteindelik die draak in die gesig staar.

• Draft – The first version of a piece of writing where ideas are written down before editing or revising.

Example: My first draft had good ideas, but I needed to fix the spelling and structure.

• Revise – To change or improve your writing by adding, removing, or rearranging ideas.

Example: I revised my story to make the ending more exciting.

• Edit – To correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes in your writing.

Example: During editing, I fixed the commas and changed some verbs to past tense.

• Bibliography – A list of sources you used to find information for your project.

Example: I added a bibliography at the end of my work to show where I found my facts.

• Climax – The most intense or important part of a story where the main problem reaches its peak.

Example: The climax of the story is when the hero finally faces the dragon.

• Beadwork – Art made from beads, often used in necklaces, bracelets, and ceremonial garments.
• Weaving – Interlacing threads or fibres to create cloth, mats, or baskets.
• Pottery – Objects made from clay and fired to harden, often decorated with patterns or symbols.
• Pattern – A repeated design, shape, or motif in artwork or craft.
• Texture – The surface quality of an object; can be tactile (touchable) or visual (looks like it has a surface feel).

• Line – The path made by a moving point; used to show edges, veins, or movement.
• Tone – The lightness or darkness of an area or colour; creates depth and 3D effects.
• Texture – The surface quality of an object; can be real (touchable) or implied (drawn to look rough or smooth).
• Mark-Making – The different ways an artist applies lines, dots, or strokes to create patterns and texture.
• Composition – The arrangement of elements in a drawing or artwork to create a balanced and interesting piece.

• Contrast – The noticeable difference between elements such as light and dark, rough and smooth, or large and small.
• Balance – The way elements are arranged to create stability in an artwork (symmetrical, asymmetrical, or radial).
• Emphasis – The area of an artwork that stands out most and captures the viewer’s attention (the focal point).
• Composition – The arrangement of elements within an artwork.
• Symmetry – When one side of an artwork mirrors or closely matches the other side.

• Line – A mark made by a moving point; can show movement, direction, or shape.
• Tone – The lightness or darkness of a colour.
• Texture – How a surface looks or feels; can be real (touchable) or implied.
• Pattern – Repetition of lines, shapes, or colours to create a design.
• Form – The illusion of three-dimensional shapes in an artwork.

• Fraction – A part of a whole. Example: ½ of a cake.
• Numerator – The top number in a fraction; shows how many parts are taken.
• Denominator – The bottom number in a fraction; shows the total number of equal parts.
• Equal parts – Dividing something into sections that are the same size.
• Grouping – Putting objects into sets to share equally.
• Halves – Dividing something into 2 equal parts.
• Quarters – Dividing something into 4 equal parts.
• Thirds – Dividing something into 3 equal parts.
• Whole – All the parts together, not divided.
• Sharing equally – Making sure each group gets the same number or size.

• Ratio – A comparison of two or more quantities (e.g. 2 apples : 3 bananas).
• Compare – To look at two numbers or amounts and see how they relate.
• Simplify – To make a ratio smaller but equal by dividing both sides (e.g. 6:9 → 2:3).
• Equivalent Ratios – Ratios that mean the same thing (e.g. 2:3 = 4:6).
• Part-to-Part – Comparing one part to another (e.g. boys:girls).
• Part-to-Whole – Comparing one part to the total (e.g. boys:class).
• Scale – Making a ratio bigger or smaller while keeping it fair (multiply or divide).
• Proportion – When two ratios are equal (e.g. 2:3 = 4:6).
• Fraction Form – Writing a ratio as a fraction (2:3 = 2/3).
• Colon (:) – The symbol used to write ratios (e.g. 2:3)

• Heritage – Traditions, culture, and creative practices passed down through generations.
• Community Art – Art created by a group or for a community, often to share stories or celebrate culture.
• Texture – How the surface of an artwork feels or looks like it feels.
• Pattern – Repeated shapes, lines, or motifs in an artwork.
• Proportion – The relationship between the sizes of different parts of an artwork.

1. Mixed Media – Using different materials and techniques in one artwork.
2. Texture – The surface quality of an artwork, how it feels or looks like it feels.
3. Pattern – Repeated shapes, lines, or designs.
4. Symbol – Something that represents an idea, feeling, or concept.
5. Collaboration – Working together to create a piece of art.

• Rate – comparison between two different things (e.g., km/h).
• Per – means “for each.”
• Unit price – cost of one item.
• Speed – how far something goes in a certain time.
• Earnings – how much money is made per time worked.

• Mood/Emotion – the feeling or atmosphere that music creates (happy, sad, tense, calm).
• Dynamics – how loud or soft the music is; changes in volume.
• Tempo – the speed of the music (fast, slow, moderate).
• Pitch – how high or low a note sounds.
• Timbre – the unique sound quality or “tone color” of an instrument or voice.

• Graphic Score – a way of writing music using pictures, shapes, and symbols instead of traditional notes.
• Pitch – how high or low a sound is.
• Dynamics – how loud or soft the music is.
• Texture – the layers of sound in a piece of music, such as many instruments or voices playing together.
• Improvisation – creating or performing music spontaneously, using your own ideas rather than written notes.

• Tonic Solfa – a system of using syllables (do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) to teach and read music.
• Syllable – a single sound or beat used in Tonic Solfa to represent a musical note.
• Norwich Sol-fa – the original version of Tonic Solfa created by Sarah Ann Glover.
• Scale – a sequence of musical notes in ascending or descending order.
• Notation – a system of writing music so that it can be read and performed.

• Metre – the way beats are grouped in music, showing the rhythm’s pattern.
• Beat – the steady pulse of the music that you can tap your foot to.
• Bar (Measure) – a group of beats separated by vertical lines in written music.
• Time Signature – numbers at the start of a piece of music that show how many beats are in each bar and which note gets the beat.
• Quadruple Metre – a metre with 4 beats per bar, counted as 1–2–3–4.

• Semibreve (𝅝) – a note that lasts 4 beats; held for a long duration.
• Minim (𝅗𝅥) – a note that lasts 2 beats; held for a medium duration.
• Crotchet (♩) – a note that lasts 1 beat; a basic unit of rhythm.
• Quaver (♪) – a note that lasts ½ a beat; played quickly.
• Semiquaver (𝅘𝅥𝅯) – a note that lasts ¼ of a beat; played very fast.

• Treble Clef (G Clef) – a symbol on the stave that shows where the note G is and is used for higher-pitched notes.
• Stave (Staff) – the five lines and four spaces where music notes are written.
• Pitch – how high or low a sound or note is.
• Line – one of the five horizontal lines on the stave where notes can be placed.
• Space – the area between the lines on the stave where notes can also be placed.

• Length – how long something is (measured in mm, cm, m, km).
• Mass – how heavy something is (measured in g, kg).
• Capacity – how much a container can hold (measured in ml, ℓ).
• Estimate – a smart guess about a measurement before checking.
• Time – how long something takes (measured in seconds, minutes, hours).

• Rands (R) – The main unit of South African currency. Example: R20,00 = twenty rands.
• Cents (c) – A fraction of a rand; 100 cents = 1 rand. Example: 50c = half a rand.
• Total – The sum of the prices of items bought. Example: R12 + R8 = Total R20.
• Change – Money returned when you pay more than the cost. Example: Cost = R15, Paid = R20 → Change = R5.
• Cost – The price of one item or service. Example: The cost of a pencil is R4,50.
• Pay – To give money in exchange for goods or services.
• Buy – To obtain something by paying money.
• Spend – To use money to purchase something.
• Share – To divide money or items equally among people.
• Save – To keep money for later use instead of spending it immediately.

1. Problem – A situation that needs a solution.
2. Operation – A mathematical action (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).
3. Sum – The answer to an addition problem.
4. Difference – The answer to a subtraction problem.
5. Total – The result when numbers are combined.

• Rate – comparison between two different things (e.g., km/h).
• Per – means “for each.”
• Unit price – cost of one item.
• Speed – how far something goes in a certain time.
• Earnings – how much money is made per time worked.

• Ratio – A comparison of two or more quantities (e.g. 2 apples : 3 bananas).
• Compare – To look at two numbers or amounts and see how they relate.
• Simplify – To make a ratio smaller but equal by dividing both sides (e.g. 6:9 → 2:3).
• Equivalent Ratios – Ratios that mean the same thing (e.g. 2:3 = 4:6).
• Part-to-Part – Comparing one part to another (e.g. boys:girls).
• Part-to-Whole – Comparing one part to the total (e.g. boys:class).
• Scale – Making a ratio bigger or smaller while keeping it fair (multiply or divide).
• Proportion – When two ratios are equal (e.g. 2:3 = 4:6).
• Fraction Form – Writing a ratio as a fraction (2:3 = 2/3).
• Colon (:) – The symbol used to write ratios (e.g. 2:3)

• Fraction – A part of a whole. Example: ½ of a cake.
• Numerator – The top number in a fraction; shows how many parts are taken.
• Denominator – The bottom number in a fraction; shows the total number of equal parts.
• Equal parts – Dividing something into sections that are the same size.
• Grouping – Putting objects into sets to share equally.
• Halves – Dividing something into 2 equal parts.
• Quarters – Dividing something into 4 equal parts.
• Thirds – Dividing something into 3 equal parts.
• Whole – All the parts together, not divided.
• Sharing equally – Making sure each group gets the same number or size.

• Length – how long something is (measured in mm, cm, m, km).
• Mass – how heavy something is (measured in g, kg).
• Capacity – how much a container can hold (measured in ml, ℓ).
• Estimate – a smart guess about a measurement before checking.
• Time – how long something takes (measured in seconds, minutes, hours).

• Rands (R) – The main unit of South African currency. Example: R20,00 = twenty rands.
• Cents (c) – A fraction of a rand; 100 cents = 1 rand. Example: 50c = half a rand.
• Total – The sum of the prices of items bought. Example: R12 + R8 = Total R20.
• Change – Money returned when you pay more than the cost. Example: Cost = R15, Paid = R20 → Change = R5.
• Cost – The price of one item or service. Example: The cost of a pencil is R4,50.
• Pay – To give money in exchange for goods or services.
• Buy – To obtain something by paying money.
• Spend – To use money to purchase something.
• Share – To divide money or items equally among people.
• Save – To keep money for later use instead of spending it immediately.

1. Problem – A situation that needs a solution.
2. Operation – A mathematical action (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).
3. Sum – The answer to an addition problem.
4. Difference – The answer to a subtraction problem.
5. Total – The result when numbers are combined.

• Improvisation – Acting without a script; making up dialogue and action on the spot.
• Characterisation – The process of creating and portraying a believable character through voice, movement, and expression.
• Blocking – The planned movements and positioning of actors on stage.
• Rehearsal – The practice and preparation time before a performance.
• Projection – Speaking clearly and loudly enough so the audience can hear you.

• Tableau – A frozen picture created with the body to represent a moment or idea.
• Levels – The height of actors in a scene (high, medium, low) used to create visual interest.
• Focus Point – The area or person in the tableau that draws the audience’s attention.
• Expression – The look on a performer’s face showing emotion or reaction.
• Body Language – Using posture, gestures, and movement to communicate meaning without words.

• Character – A person, animal, or figure in a story.
• Setting – The place and time where the story happens.
• Conflict – The main problem or challenge in the story.
• Resolution – How the problem or conflict is solved at the end of the story.
• Projection – Speaking loudly and clearly enough for the audience to hear.

• Diaphragm – A large muscle under the lungs that helps control breathing; actors use it for strong, supported voices.
• Projection – Speaking loudly and clearly enough for the whole audience to hear without shouting.
• Articulation – The clear and precise pronunciation of words.
• Resonance – The richness and vibration of the voice when sound bounces in the chest, throat, or head.
• Pace – The speed at which someone speaks.

• Etiquette – rules of good behaviour in rehearsal/performance.
• Respect – treating others’ ideas and space with care.
• Discipline – self-control and focus.

• Levels – How high or low the movement is (high, medium, low).
• Tempo – The speed of the movement (fast, slow, changing).
• Energy – The quality of movement (sharp, smooth, heavy, light).
• Pathway – The pattern a dancer makes in space (straight, curved, zig-zag).
• Canon – When dancers perform the same movement one after another, like a ripple.

• Locomotor – Movements that travel through space (e.g., running, leaping).
• Non-locomotor – Movements done in one place (e.g., twisting, stretching).
• Levels – The height of a movement: high, medium, or low.
• Tempo – The speed of movement (fast, slow, or changing).
• Energy – The quality of movement (sharp, smooth, heavy, light).

• Floor Work – Dance movements performed on or close to the floor.
• Levels – The height of a movement: high, medium, or low.
• Bubble – Personal space around a dancer that should not be invaded.
• Pathway / Floor Plan – The pattern or shape dancers follow on the floor (circle, line, zig-zag, spiral).
• Controlled Movement – Moving safely with balance and awareness, especially when entering or exiting the floor.

• Mobility – The ability to move joints freely.
• Flexibility – The range of motion in muscles and joints.
• Alignment – Correct positioning of the body.
• Rotation – Circular movement around a joint.
• Coordination – Ability to move different body parts smoothly together.

• Gesture – movement that shows meaning.
• Expression – showing feeling through face/body.
• Narrative dance – dance that tells a story.

• Rate – comparison between two different things (e.g., km/h).
• Per – means “for each.”
• Unit price – cost of one item.
• Speed – how far something goes in a certain time.
• Earnings – how much money is made per time worked.

• Ratio – A comparison of two or more quantities (e.g. 2 apples : 3 bananas).
• Compare – To look at two numbers or amounts and see how they relate.
• Simplify – To make a ratio smaller but equal by dividing both sides (e.g. 6:9 → 2:3).
• Equivalent Ratios – Ratios that mean the same thing (e.g. 2:3 = 4:6).
• Part-to-Part – Comparing one part to another (e.g. boys:girls).
• Part-to-Whole – Comparing one part to the total (e.g. boys:class).
• Scale – Making a ratio bigger or smaller while keeping it fair (multiply or divide).
• Proportion – When two ratios are equal (e.g. 2:3 = 4:6).
• Fraction Form – Writing a ratio as a fraction (2:3 = 2/3).
• Colon (:) – The symbol used to write ratios (e.g. 2:3)

• Fraction – A part of a whole. Example: ½ of a cake.
• Numerator – The top number in a fraction; shows how many parts are taken.
• Denominator – The bottom number in a fraction; shows the total number of equal parts.
• Equal parts – Dividing something into sections that are the same size.
• Grouping – Putting objects into sets to share equally.
• Halves – Dividing something into 2 equal parts.
• Quarters – Dividing something into 4 equal parts.
• Thirds – Dividing something into 3 equal parts.
• Whole – All the parts together, not divided.
• Sharing equally – Making sure each group gets the same number or size.

• Length – how long something is (measured in mm, cm, m, km).
• Mass – how heavy something is (measured in g, kg).
• Capacity – how much a container can hold (measured in ml, ℓ).
• Estimate – a smart guess about a measurement before checking.
• Time – how long something takes (measured in seconds, minutes, hours).

• Rands (R) – The main unit of South African currency. Example: R20,00 = twenty rands.
• Cents (c) – A fraction of a rand; 100 cents = 1 rand. Example: 50c = half a rand.
• Total – The sum of the prices of items bought. Example: R12 + R8 = Total R20.
• Change – Money returned when you pay more than the cost. Example: Cost = R15, Paid = R20 → Change = R5.
• Cost – The price of one item or service. Example: The cost of a pencil is R4,50.
• Pay – To give money in exchange for goods or services.
• Buy – To obtain something by paying money.
• Spend – To use money to purchase something.
• Share – To divide money or items equally among people.
• Save – To keep money for later use instead of spending it immediately.

1. Problem – A situation that needs a solution.
2. Operation – A mathematical action (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).
3. Sum – The answer to an addition problem.
4. Difference – The answer to a subtraction problem.
5. Total – The result when numbers are combined.

• Ensemble – A group of performers working together as one body to tell a story or present a performance.
• Body percussion – Using claps, stamps, snaps, or slaps to create rhythm and sound effects in a performance.
• Contrast – Differences within a performance, such as solo lines or varied movements, that make it more interesting.

• Choral verse – poetry spoken or performed by a group instead of one person.
• Antiphon – a technique where one group speaks and another group replies.
• Body percussion – using claps, stamps, clicks, or slaps to create rhythm in a performance.

• Projection – speaking loudly without shouting.
• Tone – mood of the voice.
• Gesture – movement that communicates.
• Posture – how the body is held.

• Folktale – a story passed down orally from generation to generation.
• Storyteller – a person who tells stories, often using voice, gestures, and music to entertain and teach.
• Griot / Izimbongi – traditional African storytellers or poets who preserve history, culture, and morals through storytelling.
• Setting – where the story happens.

• Choreographer – a person who creates and arranges dance movements for a performance.
• Therapist – someone who helps people heal or improve their well-being, in this case through movement and dance.
• Performer – a dancer or actor who presents their art in front of an audience.
• Community – a group of people who share common interests, culture, or place.
• Cultural Pride – a positive feeling of respect and value for one’s own traditions and heritage.

Fusion – Mixing movements or styles from different dance traditions to create something new.

Motif – A short movement phrase that is repeated in a dance to give it identity.

Variation – Changing a movement (speed, level, direction, size, dynamics) to make it look different while keeping its core.

Theme – The main idea, story, or feeling that the dance is based on.

Innovation – Bringing in new, creative, and original ideas to make the dance fresh and unique.

Improvisation – unplanned movement.

• Improvisation – creating movements in the moment without planning.
• Choreography – a planned and rehearsed sequence of dance movements.
• Expression – showing emotions, ideas, or moods through movement.
• Spontaneous – something done suddenly, without preparation, like an improvised dance move.

Alignment – The correct positioning of the body (head, shoulders, spine, hips, knees, feet) to move safely and effectively.

Stamina – The ability to keep dancing for a long time without getting tired; physical endurance.

Focus – Concentration and attention on the movement, space, or performance, often also where the eyes are directed.

Rehearsal – The practice of movements, steps, or a whole dance to prepare for performance.

Correction – Adjusting or improving movements after feedback to perform more accurately.

• Composition – The process of creating new music, using rhythm, melody, and structure.
• Rhythm – The pattern of beats or pulse in music that gives it movement and timing.
• Melody – A sequence of high and low notes that form a tune.
• Rests – Silences in music that create space and interest within a composition.
• Structure – The organization of a piece of music, usually with a beginning, middle, and end.

1. Graphic Score – A visual way of writing music using pictures, symbols, lines, and shapes instead of traditional notes.
2. Sound Picture – A representation of a scene, idea, or poem in sound, often guided by a graphic score.
3. Dynamics – How loud or soft a sound is (e.g., piano = soft, forte = loud).
4. Pitch – How high or low a sound is.
5. Rhythm – The pattern of long and short sounds over time.
6. Texture – How many layers of sound there are (e.g., one instrument/voice = thin, many instruments/voices = thick).
7. Tempo – The speed of the music (fast, slow, steady).
8. Crescendo – Gradually getting louder.
9. Decrescendo / Diminuendo – Gradually getting softer.
10. Motif – A small musical idea or repeated sound pattern.
11. Symbol – A shape, line, or mark that represents a sound in a graphic score.
12. Silence / Rest – A period where no sound is made.
13. Jagged Line – Often shows loud, harsh, or sudden sounds.
14. Wavy Line – Often shows smooth, flowing, or gentle sounds.
15. Dot / Small Shape – Often shows short, quick sounds.
16. Colour / Shade – Can show mood, intensity, or type of sound.

1. Harmony – When two or more notes are played or sung together, making music sound fuller and more emotional.
2. Consonant Harmony – A stable, sweet, and peaceful combination of notes that sound pleasant together.
3. Dissonant Harmony – A clashing, tense, or dramatic combination of notes that create suspense or unease.
4. Resolution – When dissonant notes move into consonant notes, giving a sense of relief or satisfaction.
5. Falsetto – A high-pitched singing voice that is above the normal vocal range, often used in choirs for harmony.

• Pitch – high/low of sound.
• Tonic sol-fa – system of singing syllables.
• Melodic phrase – a musical “sentence.”
• Sight-singing – reading and singing on sight.

• Beat – The steady pulse in music, like a heartbeat, that notes are measured against.
• Rhythm – The pattern of long and short sounds in music, created by different note values.
• Crotchet (♩) – A note worth 1 beat; often called the “basic walking beat.”
• Minim (𝅗𝅥) – A note worth 2 beats; held longer than a crotchet.
• Quaver (♪) – A quick note worth half a beat; two quavers equal 1 crotchet.

1. Treble Clef (G Clef) – A symbol at the beginning of the staff that indicates higher-pitched notes, usually played with the right hand on the piano or sung by higher voices.
2. Bass Clef (F Clef) – A symbol at the beginning of the staff that indicates lower-pitched notes, usually played with the left hand on the piano or sung by lower voices.
3. Beat – steady pulse.
4. Rhythm – pattern of notes.
5. Polyrhythm – more than one rhythm at once.
6. Rest – silence in music

• Transformation – a complete change in form, shape, or appearance.
• Maquette – a small model or sculpture made to explore or test an idea.
• Unity – the feeling that all parts of an artwork work together to create a whole.

• Renaissance – “rebirth” of classical ideas in art.
• Impressionism – art that captures a quick impression of a moment.
• Abstract – non-realistic, focused on colour/shape

• Proportion – Correct size relationships (e.g., head compared to body).
• Contour – The outline or edge of a figure.
• Gesture Drawing – A quick sketch to capture posture or movement.
• Tone / Value – The lightness or darkness of shading.
• Texture – Showing surface quality (smooth, rough, wrinkled).

• Appreciation – noticing and valuing art.
• Interpretation – explaining meaning.
• Criticism – careful study of art, not “being negative”.

Culture – The way of life of a group of people, including their beliefs, values, customs, art, food, language, and social practices.

Heritage – The history, traditions, and values passed down from previous generations, including monuments, artifacts, stories, and cultural practices.

Tradition – A custom, belief, or practice that is handed down from one generation to the next, often repeated in the same way over time.

Expression – The way people show their thoughts, feelings, and creativity through words, actions, art, music, dance, or other forms.

Identity – A person’s or group’s sense of who they are, shaped by culture, heritage, language, traditions, and personal experiences.

Heritage dance – a dance passed down through generations.

Indlamu – traditional Zulu war dance.

Pantsula – township street dance from the 1980s.

Fusion – mixing two or more dance styles.

• Sprite – A character or object in your Scratch project
• Animation – Making something move or act on screen
• Block – A piece of code that tells your sprite what to do

• Costume – A version of your sprite that shows a different look or action
• Wait – Pauses between actions
• Sequence – The order things happen in

• Costume – A different look or outfit for a sprite. It can show movement, mood, or action.
• Sound Block – A command that tells the sprite to play a sound (like a pop, clap, or voice).

• Project – Your full animation or creative task
• Scene – One moment or action from your animation
• Test – Check if your code works as you planned

• Bug — A mistake or error in a computer program that causes it to not work properly.
• Debugging — The process of finding and fixing bugs in a program.
• Play-test — To try out a game or program to see if it works correctly and is fun to use.

• Slide – One page of a digital presentation
• Poster – A visual display with words and images
• Layout – The way everything is arranged on the page

• Insert – To place something (like a picture) into your work
• Image – A picture or photo
• Resize – To make something bigger or smaller

• Bold – Makes letters darker and stronger
• Underline – Draws a line under words
• Alignment – Lines up text on the page

• Document – Something you create on a computer using words and pictures
• Word Processor – A program that lets you type, edit, and save your work
• Font – The style your letters appear in

• Sprite
  A character or object in a Scratch game that can move, change costumes, and interact with other sprites.
• Costume
  Different looks or outfits for a sprite that can be switched to show movement or change in appearance.
• Backdrop
  The background image or scene of a Scratch project that sets the environment or location for the game

• Event
  Something that makes your game start or do something, like clicking the green flag or pressing a key.
• Loop
  A block that repeats actions again and again without having to write the same instructions many times.
• Variable
  A box where the game stores information, like your score or how much time is left.

• Sprite
  A character or object in your game that can move, talk, or do things.
• Backdrop
  The background or setting of your game, like a forest, city, or space.
• Loop
  A set of instructions that repeats over and over until you tell it to stop.

1. Binary

A code made up of only two numbers: 1 and 0. Computers use this to understand information.

2. Bit

Short for “binary digit.” It is a single 1 or 0 in the binary code.

3. Switch

A tiny part inside a computer that can be turned ON (1) or OFF (0) to help the computer work.

1. Condition

A rule that tells the computer what to do only if something happens.
✅ Example: If it’s raining, then take an umbrella.

2. IF–THEN Statement

A command that tells the computer:
“If something is true, then do this action.”
✅ Example: If button is clicked, then play a sound.

3. Logic

A way of thinking that helps computers make decisions. Logic helps the computer follow clear rules, step by step.
✅ Example: Computers use logic to decide what to do next.

1. Loop

Set of instructions that repeat again and again.
🟡 Example: A loop might tell a robot to clap 3 times without writing “clap” three times.

2. Instruction

A command or direction given to a computer or robot.
🟡 Example: “Move forward” is an instruction.

3. Repeat

To do something over and over again.
🟡 Example: In coding, we use “repeat” to save time when we want the same action done many times.

1. Sequence

A set of steps that happen in the right order.
🟢 Example: In coding, a sequence might be: “Stand up → Turn right → Take 3 steps”.

2. Loop

A command that tells you to repeat something.
🟢 Example: If you clap 3 times, that’s a loop — “Clap” is repeated 3 times.

3. Condition

A rule that starts with “if” and ends with “then.”
🟢 Example: “If it’s sunny, then go outside.” In coding: “If button is clicked, then play sound”.

1. Eye Contact

Looking directly at the people you are speaking to.

2. Confidence

Feeling sure about yourself and what you’re doing.

3. Clear

Easy to understand, not confusing.

1. Audio

Sound that you can hear, such as music, voice, or sound effects.
🟢 Example: “I added audio of ocean waves to my beach slideshow.”

2. Narration

A voice that tells or explains something in a video or presentation.
🟢 Example: “I recorded my narration to talk about the life cycle of a frog.”

3. Relevant

Something that is connected to the topic and makes sense in the presentation.
🟢 Example: “The drum sound was not relevant to my slideshow about the solar system.”

1. Slide

A single page or screen in a digital presentation.
🟢 Example: “Each slide in my slideshow talks about a different wild animal.”

2. Transition

A special effect that moves one slide to the next.
🟢 Example: “I used a fade transition to make my slideshow look smooth.”

3. Visual

Something you can see, like a picture, diagram, or chart.
🟢 Example: “I added a visual of the water cycle to help explain my topic.”

• Decomposition
  Breaking a big problem into smaller, easier steps.
  Like breaking a big LEGO build into small parts.
• Step-by-step
  Doing one thing at a time, in the right order.
  Just like following instructions in a recipe.
• Problem-solving
  Finding a way to fix or figure something out.
  You use this when building, fixing, or answering tricky questions!

• Sort
  To put things in order from smallest to biggest, or A to Z.
  We sort our books on the shelf to find them easily.
• Algorithm
  A list of steps or instructions to solve a problem or complete a task.
  Like a recipe for baking a cake!
• Swap
  To change places with someone or something else.
  In bubble sort, we swap numbers when they are in the wrong order.

Multimedia – “Multi” means many. “Media” means types of information. So, many kinds of information working together!

• Binary
  A way of counting using only two numbers: 0 and 1.
  Computers use binary to understand information.
• Bit
  A single binary digit — either a 0 or a 1.
  Bits are the building blocks of computer code.
• Place Value
  The value of a digit depending on its position in a number.
  In binary, place values are 1, 2, 4, 8, and so on.

1. Binary
   A way of counting and storing information using only two digits: 0 and 1.
   📘 Computers use binary to represent everything — letters, numbers, pictures, and sounds.
2. Bit
   A single digit in binary — either a 0 or a 1.
   📘 The word “bit” comes from “binary digit.”
3. Code
   A system of symbols or numbers used to send a message.
   📘 Binary code uses 0s and 1s to “code” letters and words so computers can understand them.

• Sound Effect – A recorded or digital sound used to create a mood or signal an event (e.g., footsteps, door creak, thunder).
• Costume – A different appearance or outfit of a sprite used to show actions like walking, jumping, or expressing emotions.
• Sequence – A specific order in which actions or code blocks are run to make your project work correctly.

• Variable – A container that stores information which can change, like a score or player name.
• Value – The specific information stored in a variable (e.g., Score = 10 means the value is 10).
• Update – When a variable’s value changes during a program (e.g., Score = Score + 1).

• Condition – A rule that must be true for something to happen.
  Example: “If it is raining” is a condition.
• If – A command that checks whether a condition is true.
  Example: “If it’s sunny → wear sunglasses.”
• Else – What happens when the condition is not true.
  Example: “Else → wear a raincoat.”
• True/False – The answers a condition can give.
  If it’s true, the action happens. If it’s false, the program does something else.

Bug
A mistake or problem in the code that makes the game not work correctly.
🗣 “There was a bug that stopped the score from increasing.”

Debugging
The process of finding and fixing bugs in a game or program.
🗣 “I spent time debugging my game to fix the player movement.”

 Test
To play or run the game carefully to check if everything works properly.
🗣 “I need to test my game to see if the level changes correctly.”

Loop- a set of instructions that repeats more than once.

Repeat- do something again and again. Loops use “repeat” to tell how many times or when to stop.

Iteration- One iteration is one time through the loop.
Example: If a loop says “Repeat 4 times,” then it has 4 iterations.

Condition- tells the loop when to stop (used in “Repeat until” loops).

1. Backdrop
   ➤ The background picture or scene in a Scratch project where the game or story happens.
   🧠 Example: The road and grass you draw in your Cross the Road game is the backdrop.
2. Sprite
   ➤ A character or object in Scratch that can move, change, and interact with the backdrop.
   🧠 Example: The player-controlled character that tries to cross the road is a sprite.
3. Tool
   ➤ An option or button in the Scratch paint editor that helps you draw or edit pictures.
   🧠 Examples: Rectangle tool, line tool, select tool — each helps you create your backdrop.

🔊 Sound Effect
A short noise or sound played in a game to show that something happened, like collecting an item or hitting an obstacle.
🗣 “The pop sound effect plays when the player catches a coin.”

💬 Message
Words that appear on the screen to tell the player information, like encouraging them or giving instructions.
🗣 “The game shows a ‘Well done!’ message when you finish a level.”

🎨 Visual Effect
A change in how something looks in the game, like a colour change or flashing, to show action or feedback.
🗣 “The player’s sprite changes colour as a visual effect when it gets hit.”

1. Debugging
   ➤ The process of finding and fixing problems in your code.
   🧠 Good coders debug by checking each step and testing how the program behaves.
2. Logic Error
   ➤ A mistake in how the code is structured — it runs, but doesn’t do what you expected.
   🧠 Example: The player chooses “go left” but ends up in the wrong scene — that’s a logic error.
3. Feedback
   ➤ Helpful advice or comments from someone who tested your game.
   🧠 Feedback helps you understand what to improve, especially if something is confusing or doesn’t work.

1. Non-linear
   
   ➤ A story or game that doesn’t follow just one straight path — it changes based on choices the player makes.
   
   🧠 Example: A non-linear story might have different endings depending on what the player does.
2. Variable
   ➤ A container in Scratch that stores a value (like a number or word) that can change as the game runs.
   🧠 Example: You can use a variable called “Bravery” to keep track of how many brave choices a player makes.
3. Broadcast
   ➤ A Scratch block that sends a message to start something else happening in your story or game.
   🧠 Example: Broadcast “Scene2” when the player answers “yes” to move to the next part of the game.

1. Broadcast
   ➤ A command in Scratch that sends a message to trigger other scripts or scenes.
   🧠 Example: Broadcasting “NextScene” can make the story move to the next part.
2. IF–THEN–ELSE
   ➤ A coding block used to make decisions based on conditions. It tells the computer what to do if something is true, and what to do if it’s false.
   🧠 Example: IF the player says “yes” THEN open the treasure, ELSE run away.
3. Variable
   ➤ A container that stores information, like a score or player choice, that can change during the game.
   🧠 Example: A variable called “Bravery” can increase when the player makes bold choices.

File- A saved piece of digital work
Folder- A digital container that holds files
Subfolder- A folder inside another folder
File Name- The label you give your file
File Path- The step-by-step address of where a file is

Folder – A digital container used to keep related files together, like a virtual drawer.

File Name – The title you give to a document, picture, or other work saved on a computer so you can find it easily.

Organise – To arrange things in a neat, logical way so they are easy to find and use.

Folder- A digital container used to hold related files, like a digital drawer.

File- A piece of work saved on a computer (like a document, image, or video).

Organise-To arrange things neatly and in order.

Storage-The space where files and folders are kept on a computer or device.

Name (a folder)- To give a folder a clear title so you know what’s inside.

🎮 Level
A level is a stage or part of a game. As the player moves to higher levels, the game usually gets more difficult.
🗣 “I reached Level 3, and now the background changed and the enemies move faster!”

🎯 Condition
A condition is a rule the game checks to decide what to do next. It often uses if… then.
🗣 “If my score is greater than 10, then the game switches to the next level.”

📣 Broadcast
To broadcast means to send a message in the game that tells sprites or scripts to start doing something.
🗣 “I used broadcast ‘game over’ to show the end screen when the player lost all their lives.”

🧮 Variable
A variable is like a container that stores information in your game, such as the score, number of lives, or the level.
🗣 “I used a variable to keep track of how many coins the player collected.”

📣 Broadcast
To broadcast means to send a message from one sprite to another, or to the whole game, to make something happen.
🗣 “When the player wins, I broadcast a message to show the victory screen.”

❓ Condition
A condition is a rule that tells the game what to do if something happens. It often uses if… then… or if… then… else….
🗣 “If the player touches a spike, then they lose a life.”

1. Binary
   ➤ A way of writing information using only two digits: 0 and 1.
   🧠 Example: Computers use binary to understand and store data.
2. Sequence
   ➤ A list of things arranged in a specific order.
   🧠 Example: The colours red, yellow, pink, and purple form a sequence.
3. Chunk
   ➤ A small part of a bigger thing, like a piece cut out from a longer number.
   🧠 Example: We break the binary number into chunks of 3 digits to find each colour.

1. Bug
   ➤ A mistake or problem in a system or program that causes it to not work properly.
   🧠 Example: A bug in a game might make it freeze or crash.
2. Debugging
   ➤ Finding and fixing bugs or problems in a system or program.
   🧠 Example: When a coder finds a mistake and fixes it, that’s debugging.
3. Breakdown
   ➤ When something stops working or doesn’t work correctly.
   🧠 Example: A breakdown in a rule means the rule is causing trouble or confusion.

1. Logic
   ➤ Clear, step-by-step thinking that helps a computer make decisions.
   🧠 Example: The computer uses logic to decide what happens if your password is wrong.
2. Conditional
   ➤ A rule that only happens if a certain condition is true.
   🧠 Example: IF you are older than 13, THEN you can sign up.
3. IF–THEN–ELSE
   ➤ A coding rule that tells the computer what to do if something is true or false.
   🧠 Example: IF it’s raining, THEN bring an umbrella, ELSE wear a cap.

• Control Blocks
  Blocks in Scratch that manage how scripts run — like loops and decisions.
• Loop
  A set of instructions that repeats over and over (e.g. “forever” or “repeat 10”).
• Condition
  A rule or test that must be true for something to happen (used in “if” blocks).
• If / Else
  A block that lets the sprite choose between two actions depending on whether a condition is true or false.
• Sensing
  Blocks that help the sprite detect things like touching another object, a key press, or a colour.

• Sprite — A character or object in Scratch that you can control with code blocks.
• Event — Something that starts or triggers a set of instructions in a program.
• Broadcast — A message sent to other sprites to trigger actions or responses.
• Script — A group of code blocks snapped together to make the sprite perform actions.
• Costume — Different appearances or looks that a sprite can switch between.

• Sprite – A character or object in Scratch that can move, speak, and perform actions.
• Costume – Different looks or poses for a sprite that can be changed during a project.
• Timing – Controlling when things happen in a program using blocks like wait or say for ___ seconds.
• Script – A set of blocks snapped together to create actions for a sprite.
• Loop – A programming structure that repeats a set of instructions, like repeat or forever.

1. Binary

A code made up of only two numbers: 1 and 0. Computers use this to understand information.

2. Bit

Short for “binary digit.” It is a single 1 or 0 in the binary code.

3. Switch

A tiny part inside a computer that can be turned ON (1) or OFF (0) to help the computer work.

1. Debugging

What it means: Finding and fixing mistakes in your code.
🧠 “When my game didn’t work, I did some debugging to fix it!”

2. Bug

What it means: A problem or error in your code that causes it to behave strangely or not work.
🧠 “My robot spun in circles — I think there’s a bug!”

3. Logic

What it means: The step-by-step thinking or rules your code follows to work properly.
🧠 “If your logic is wrong, your code might not do what you expect.”

Simulation

What it means: A model or pretend version of something real that helps us test and learn.
🧠 “A fire drill is a simulation — it’s not a real fire, but it helps us practise what to do.”

Model

What it means: A small or simple version of a real thing that shows how it works.
🧠 “We made a model of the solar system to see how the planets move.”

Predict

What it means: To guess what might happen in the future, based on clues or tests.
🧠 “We can use a simulation to predict how a robot will move in a maze.”

1. Algorithm
   ➤ A list of clear, step-by-step instructions that a computer follows to solve a problem or make a decision.
   🧠 Example: A recipe is like an algorithm for cooking.
2. Ethical
   ➤ Doing what is right, fair, and kind — especially when your choices affect others.
   🧠 Example: It’s ethical to make sure your app works for everyone, not just some people.
3. Bias
   ➤ An unfair preference for or against certain people or groups, often without realizing it.
   🧠 Example: If a computer program chooses only boys for a prize, it may have a bias.

1. System
   ➤ A group of parts that work together to do a job or solve a problem.
   🧠 Example: A computer is a system that takes in data and gives out results.
2. Input
   ➤ Something you put into a system to make it work.
   🧠 Example: Pressing a button is an input for turning on a machine.
3. Output
   ➤ What comes out of a system after it has done its job.
   🧠 Example: When you print a page, the paper that comes out is the output.

• Bug — A mistake or error in a computer program that causes it to work incorrectly.
• Debugging — The process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in a program.
• Logic — A clear and ordered way of thinking that helps coders write instructions that work correctly.

• Algorithm – A set of exact, step-by-step instructions used to solve a problem or complete a task.
• Instruction – A direction or order that tells you what to do.
• Debugging – Finding and fixing mistakes or errors in instructions or code.
• Sequence – The order in which steps or actions are carried out.

Pattern – A repeated design, action, or sequence that helps solve problems more efficiently.

Loop – A coding structure that repeats a set of instructions based on a condition or number of times.

Efficiency – Doing something in the best way possible, with the least waste of time or effort.

Repetition – Doing the same thing again and again, often used to spot patterns or simplify code.

Automation – When a process runs by itself after being set up, often using loops and patterns in coding.

1. Algorithm

What it means: A set of clear, step-by-step instructions to solve a problem or do a task.
🧠 “An algorithm is like a recipe — it tells the computer what to do and in what order.

2. Loop

What it means: A command that repeats actions again and again.
🧠 “A loop helps you do something many times without writing it over and over.”

3. If–Then (Conditional)

What it means: A rule that tells the computer, “If this happens, then do that.”
🧠 “IF it’s raining, THEN take an umbrella.” Computers use this to make decisions too!

1. Deadline Meaning: The final date or time when something must be finished.
   Example: Our project deadline is next Friday.
2. Collaborate Meaning: To work together with others to complete a task or project.
   Example: We collaborated on a Google Doc to write our speech.
3. Progress Meaning: The steps you’ve completed or how far you’ve come in a task.
   Example: We checked our progress on Trello and saw that half the tasks were done.

1. Input 

What it means: The information or action that goes into a system.
Example: Pressing a button, clicking a mouse, or using a sensor.
🧠 “Input is how we tell the computer what we want it to do.”

2. Processing 

What it means: The thinking or decision-making part of the system — it follows the rules or code.
Example: The computer checks if you pressed the jump key and then decides what to do.
🧠 “Processing is the brain of the system — it follows the code to figure out what happens next.”

3. Output 

What it means: The result or action that comes out of the system.
Example: A sound plays, a robot moves, or a message appears.
🧠 “Output is what we see or hear after the system does its job.”

1. Cell Meaning: A single box in a spreadsheet where you can type numbers or words.
   Example: I typed my name in cell A1.
2. Formula Meaning: A maths instruction that tells the spreadsheet what to calculate.
   Example: =A1+B1 adds the numbers from two cells together.
3. Function Meaning: A built-in shortcut in the spreadsheet to do a job like adding or averaging numbers.
   Example: =SUM(A1:A5) adds up all the numbers from A1 to A5.

1. Data Meaning: Information that is collected, such as answers from a form or survey.
   Example: We used the data from our survey to find the most popular subject.
2. Chart Meaning: A visual way of showing data using bars, lines, or slices.
   Example: We made a chart to show how many learners prefer apples or bananas.
3. Trend Meaning: A pattern or change that happens over time.
   Example: The line graph shows a trend of more books being read each month.

1. Sequence
   The specific order in which blocks run. Scratch reads blocks from top to bottom.
2. Event Trigger
   A block like when green flag clicked or when I receive [message] that starts a section of code.
3. Broadcast
   A message that one sprite sends to trigger an action in another sprite or script.
4. Wait Block
   A block that pauses the code for a set amount of time before continuing.
5. Say Block
   A block that makes a sprite display a speech bubble with text for a certain amount of time.

• Broadcast
  A message sent by one sprite to tell other sprites to start an action.
• Receive
  The event when a sprite gets a broadcast message and responds to it.
• Sequential Dialogue
  A conversation where sprites speak one after another in order.
• Wait Block
  A block that pauses the program for a set time to make the timing natural.

1. 1. Sprite
      A character or object in Scratch that you can program to move, talk, and interact.
   2. Say Block
      A coding block that makes a sprite show a speech bubble with text.
   3. Think Block
      A coding block that makes a sprite show a thought bubble, like thinking silently.
   4. Broadcast
      A message sent by one sprite to tell another sprite to start an action.
   5. Wait Block
      A coding block that pauses the program for a set number of seconds before continuing.

• Say block-A command that makes the sprite talk in a speech bubble
• Think block-A speech bubble for private or inner thoughts
• Wait-Adds a pause before the next action
• Repeat- Repeats a block a set number of times
• Forever-Keeps running something over and over
• Broadcast-Sends a message to trigger other code
• Sequence-The order in which code runs

1. Response Meaning: An answer given to a question in a form.
   Example: We collected 30 responses from the class survey.
2. Field Meaning: A space on a form where you type or select your answer.
   Example: The name field must be filled in before you can submit.
3. Survey Meaning: A set of questions used to collect information from people.
   Example: We created a survey to find out what snacks learners enjoy at break time.

• Title – The heading that shows what your slide is about
• Layout – The way things are arranged
• Visuals – Pictures, symbols, or colours used to tell your story

• Slideshow – A set of slides shown in order
• Slide – One digital page in a slideshow
• Narrate – To tell the story using voice or text

• Algorithm-A clear list of steps to solve a problem
• Bug-A mistake in a program or set of instructions
• Debugging-Finding and fixing a bug
• Conditional-A rule that says what to do in a certain situation
• Flowchart-A diagram showing the order of steps and decisions
• Pattern-Something that repeats in a clear way

• Flowchart – A diagram that shows the steps and choices in solving a problem or completing a task.
• Step – An action the robot takes, like “move forward” or “pick up object”; shown in a rectangle.
• Decision – A yes-or-no question the robot must answer to choose what to do next; shown in a diamond.
• Arrow – A line that shows the direction or order of steps and decisions in the flowchart.
• Algorithm – A list of rules or instructions a robot (or computer) follows to solve a problem.

1. Conditional
   ➤ A rule that tells the computer what to do if something happens.
   Example: If it’s raining, then take an umbrella.

1. Algorithm
   ➤ A step-by-step list of instructions to solve a problem.
   Example: A recipe is like an algorithm for cooking.
2. Debug
   ➤ To find and fix mistakes (bugs) in your instructions or code.
3. Command
   ➤ An instruction that tells the computer or robot to do something.
   Example: “Turn left” is a command.
4. Execute
   ➤ When the computer follows and performs the instructions given.

• Bug – A mistake or error in a program that causes it to not work properly.
• Debug – To find and fix bugs or errors in a code or a set of instructions.
• Algorithm – A clear list of steps or instructions to solve a problem.
• Sequence – The specific order in which instructions are carried out in a program.
• Loop – A set of instructions that repeats over and over until a condition is met.

• Collision – When two objects (sprites) touch or overlap in a game. Detecting collisions helps the game know when something important happens, like the bird hitting a pipe.
• Touching Bloc – A Scratch code block that checks if one sprite is touching another sprite or a color. It’s used to detect collisions.
• Game Over – The state when the game ends, usually triggered by a collision or failing a goal, signaling that the player needs to restart or stop playing.

• Clone – A copy of a sprite that can act independently in the game. Clones help create multiple objects without making new sprites.
• Coordinate – A pair of numbers (x, y) that show a sprite’s position on the screen. The x-coordinate moves left or right; the y-coordinate moves up or down.
• Loop – A set of instructions that repeat over and over until a condition is met. Loops keep the pipes moving smoothly across the screen.

• Gravity — A force that pulls objects downward. In the game, it makes the bird fall if you don’t flap.
• Event — Something that happens that the program can respond to, like pressing the spacebar.
• Loop — A set of instructions that repeats over and over, like making the bird fall continuously.

• Sprite — A character or object in Scratch that you can program to move and interact.
• Code Block — A puzzle-piece shaped command in Scratch that tells a sprite what to do.
• Event — A trigger that starts a sequence of actions in Scratch, like pressing a key or clicking the green flag.

• Online – using the internet or being connected to it.
  Example: She plays games online with her friends.
• Stranger – someone you don’t know.
  Example: Never talk to strangers online or in real life.
• Password – a secret word or phrase used to log into a website or device.
  Example: Use a strong password so no one can guess it.
• Pop-up – a small window that suddenly appears on your screen, usually an ad.
  Example: Close any strange pop-ups right away.
• Scam – a trick to steal your information or money.
  Example: That message was a scam asking for money.
• Safe – protected from harm or danger.
  Example: It’s important to stay safe online.
• Kind – being nice and helpful to others.
  Example: Always write kind comments online.
• Click – pressing a button on your mouse or screen.
  Example: Don’t click on anything that looks suspicious.
• Information – facts or details about something.
  Example: Don’t share your personal information online.
• Smart – making good choices or being clever.
  Example: Be smart when using the internet.

Never share your personal information—like your full name, address, phone number, or school—on the internet, especially with people you don’t know.

1. Password

🔐 A secret word or code that lets you open an account or device.
Example: You need a password to log in to your email.

2. Private Information

🙊 Personal details about you that should not be shared online, like your real name, address, or phone number.
Example: Never post your private information on a game chat.

3. Link

🔗 A word or button you can click on that takes you to another website or page.
Example: Only click links from people or websites you trust.

• Reliable sources: Websites or people you can trust to give fair and true information (like BBC Kids, National Geographic, or government sites).
• Fake news: Made-up or twisted stories that are not true.
• Bias: When someone shows only one side of a story to make you agree with them.
• Clickbait: A catchy headline or image meant to make you click, but the actual story is often fake or exaggerated.

Netiquette-The polite and respectful way to behave online.

Digital Footprint-The trail of everything you do online — posts, likes, messages.

Cyberbullying-Being mean to someone online, like in messages or comments.

Keyword-Search word to help find online info

Phishing-A trick message that tries to steal your info

Clickbait-A fake-looking headline to get clicks

Netiquette-Good manners online

Digital footprint-The trail of actions you leave online

Cyberbullying-Hurting others using messages, posts or images

Ethics-Knowing and doing what is right or fair

• Bug – A problem in the instructions
• Debug – To fix a mistake in your code
• Test – To try your instructions and check if they work

• If-Then – A decision-making structure
• Condition – Something that must be checked before doing the next step
• Branching – Choosing between multiple paths based on logic

• Footprint

  👣 A mark you leave behind when you walk — or post online.
  Digital footprint means the trail of messages, comments, or photos you leave on the internet.
  Example: My kind comment on the school blog is part of my digital footprint.

• Sarcasm

  😏 When someone says something they don’t really mean, often to tease or mock.
  It can confuse or hurt people, especially online where tone can’t be heard.
  Example: She said, “Nice job!” sarcastically when I made a mistake.

• Reputation

  🌟 What people think or say about you based on your actions and words.
  Online actions can affect your reputation in real life.
  Example: If you’re kind online, you build a good reputation.

• Loop – A set of instructions that repeats
• Pattern – A recognisable sequence
• Efficiency – Doing something the smart way

• Programmer – The one who writes the instructions
• Robot – The one who follows the instructions
• Debug – Finding and fixing errors in the instructions

• Algorithm – A clear step-by-step instruction
• Symbol – A picture or sign representing an action
• Sequence – The correct order of steps

• Self-Assessment – Judging your own work honestly
• Showcase – A chance to present your best effort
• Growth – How you improve through practice and reflection

• Constructive Feedback – Suggestions that help you improve without hurting feelings
• Refine – To improve something by making small, careful changes
• Audience Impact – How your design affects or influences the viewer

• Subject line

  📝 The short title of your email that tells the reader what it’s about.
  Example: Subject: Request for extra maths worksheet

• Attachment

  📎 A file (like a photo or document) that you send along with an email.
  Example: I sent my project as an attachment.

• Polite

  🙂 Speaking or writing in a kind and respectful way.
  Example: It’s polite to say “please” and “thank you” in your email.

• Digital Design Tool – Software that helps you make posters, presentations, and graphics
• Export – To save a design as a downloadable file (PDF, PNG)
• Balance – Making sure the page looks neat and well-spaced

• Sprite

🧍 A sprite is a character or object in your Scratch project.
It can move, talk, change costumes, and respond to clicks or key presses.

• Block

🧩 A block is a puzzle piece of code.
You snap blocks together to tell your sprite what to do (like move, speak, or play a sound).

• Broadcast

📣 Broadcast means sending a message in your code.
One sprite can “broadcast” a signal so that other sprites know when to start something.

• Sprite – A character or object in your Scratch story
• Backdrop – The visual background or scene
• Sequence – The order in which events happen

• Say Block – Makes a sprite speak in a speech bubble
• Costume – A version of a sprite that shows different moods or actions
• Event – A trigger like clicking or pressing a key that starts something

• If–Then – A decision rule: “If this happens, then do this”
• Broadcast – A message sent to other sprites
• Branching – A choice that changes what happens next

• Slogan – A short phrase that sticks in your mind
• Impact Design – A design made to change behaviour or raise awareness
• Campaign – A planned effort to get people to act or think differently

• Layout – How things are arranged on the page or screen
• Audience – The people who will look at or use your design
• Purpose – The reason for your message

• Command–An instruction you give to a computer to do something.
• Program– A set of commands written in order to make a computer do a task.
• Debug–To find and fix mistakes (bugs) in your commands or program.

• Command – A clear instruction given to a computer
• Sequence – The order in which commands are followed
• Program – A full set of instructions that a computer runs

• If–Then – A rule that checks if something is true before doing an action
• Condition – The “if” part of the rule
• Branching – When your program chooses between different paths

• Bug – A mistake or problem in your instructions
• Debug – To find and fix a bug
• Test – To try your program and see what happens

• Extension-A file’s “surname” – tells you its type (.jpg, etc)
• Folder Tree- A system of main folders and subfolders
• Storage-Where your files are kept (local/cloud/USB)
• Backup- A second saved copy, just in case
• Digital Hygiene- Clean, organised habits for managing files

• Local Storage – Saving files directly on your computer’s hard drive or SSD.
• Cloud Storage – Saving files on internet servers so you can access and share them online.
• Backup – Making a copy of files to protect them in case the original is lost or damaged.

• Folder – A digital container used to organize and store files on a computer.
• File Extension — The letters after a file name (like .docx or .jpg) that show the file type and tell the computer how to open it.
• Version — A specific saved copy of a file that shows its progress or changes over time (e.g., Draft, Final).

1. File Extension: 📄 The short code after a file name (like .jpg or .docx) that tells the computer what type of file it is and which program to use to open it.
2. Storage: 💾 Where data or files are saved, like on a hard drive, USB stick, or the cloud.
3. Input: 🎮 The way information gets into a computer (like using a keyboard or mouse).
4. Output: 🖥️ What the computer sends out to you (like showing text on a screen or playing a sound through speakers).
5. CPU (Central Processing Unit: 🧠 The brain of the computer – it does all the thinking and processing.

• File Name – The name you give your document
• Folder – A digital container that holds files
• File Type – What kind of document it is (.docx, .pdf etc)

• Layout – The way content is arranged on the page
• Heading – A bold title at the top of a section
• Alignment – How text lines up on the page (left, centre, right)

• Word Processor – A digital tool for typing and editing text
• Formatting – Changing how your text looks
• Cursor – The blinking line that shows where you’re typing

• Proofread – To check your work for mistakes
• Responsible Sharing – Sending things safely and respectfully
• Digital Reputation – How you’re seen online based on what you share

• Project page – Where your Scratch project lives
• Instructions – A guide for users
• Remix – Change someone else’s idea in your own way

• Design – The way something looks and feels
• User – The person who uses your program
• Experience – What the user sees, hears, feels

• Broadcast – A message to trigger other sprites
• Hide/Show – Makes sprites disappear or appear
• Glide – Moves a sprite smoothly

• Sound block – Makes noise or plays music
• Looks block – Changes appearance
• Event block – Starts an action

• Interactive – Responds to you!
• Broadcast – Sends a message in Scratch
• Sprite – A character or object you can code

• Pattern – A sequence that repeats
• Condition – A rule that tells the loop when to stop
• Iteration – One full run of the loop

• Bug – A mistake in your instructions
• Debug – To find and fix a bug
• Test – Try your code and check if it works

• Loop – A command that repeats
• Repeat – To do something again
• Efficient – Getting the job done with less effort

• Sequence – The exact order of steps
• Programmer – Someone who writes instructions
• Robot – A machine (or person!) that follows commands

• Symbol – A picture or character that stands for a command or idea
• Instruction – A direction that tells a computer (or person) what to do
• Decode – To figure out the meaning behind a symbol

Digital Identity – Who you seem to be based on your online activity
Reflect – Think deeply about your behaviour
Intentional – Doing something on purpose, with care

Block – Stop someone from contacting you
Report – Tell an app or website that something’s wrong
Trusted Adult – A grown-up who will help you and keep you safe

Cyber Respect – Kindness and care when using the internet
Reputation – What people think of you based on your actions
Tone – The feeling behind your words

Private Information – Details about your life that should stay secret
Public Information – Things okay for everyone to see
Oversharing – Giving out too much information

Digital Footprint – A record of everything you do online
Permanent – Lasting and hard to remove
Online Identity – The version of you people see through the internet

Scene – A short part of a story, like in a play or video, created with actions and speech
Script – The plan or code you write to tell your sprite what to do

Loop – A piece of code that runs the same steps again and again
Repeat – A Scratch block that makes your sprite do something more than once

Costume – A different look or outfit for a sprite. It can show movement, mood, or action.
Sound Block – A command that tells the sprite to play a sound (like a pop, clap, or voice).

Sequence – A set of steps that happen in order, one after the other.
Wait – A block that tells your sprite to pause before doing the next step.

Sprite – A character or object you can control in Scratch. It follows your code.
Block – A coding piece that tells your sprite what to do, like move or speak.

Pattern – Something that repeats in a predictable way.
Loop – A coding shortcut that repeats a pattern of steps without writing them over and over.

Symbol – A picture or shape that shows a meaning (like an arrow = move)
Grid – A pattern of squares where you can move up, down, left or right

Sequence – A set of steps that must be done in the right order.
Symbol – A picture or shape that stands for something (like arrows for directions).

Algorithm – A list of instructions that helps you or a computer complete a task.

Instruction – A direction or step that tells someone what to do.

Pledge – A promise you make to yourself or others.
Author – A person who creates a story. You are the author of your digital footprint!

Permanent – Something that stays for a long time or can’t be undone easily.
Screenshot – A picture taken of what’s on a screen. Even deleted things can be saved this way.

Private – Something personal or sensitive that should only be shared with people you trust.
Footprint – A mark you leave behind. A digital footprint is the trail you leave online.

Digital Footprint – A record of everything you do on the internet. It’s like online footprints that follow you around.
Private – Something only meant for you or someone you choose to share it with. Not public.

• Broadcast
  A message sent between sprites or scripts to trigger an event.
• Lives
  A variable that shows how many chances the player has left before the game ends.
• Sound Effect
  Audio added to the game to make actions more exciting or realistic.
• Game Over
  A signal that tells the game to stop because the player has lost.
• Restart
  Resetting the game to its starting position and state when the green flag is clicked.

1. Collision Detection
   Checking if two sprites (like the ball and paddle) touch.
2. Bounce
   Changing the direction of the ball after it hits something.
3. Variable
   A storage container for data, like score or lives.
4. Score
   A number that increases based on how well the player is doing.
5. Game Over
   A condition when the player loses or the game stops.

• Coordinate
  A number that shows a sprite’s position on the x-axis (left/right) or y-axis (up/down) on the stage.
• User Input
  Actions from the player (like pressing arrow keys or clicking the mouse) that control the game.
• Conditional
  A type of code block (like “if” or “if else”) that makes the program decide what to do based on something happening.
• Sprite
  A character or object in Scratch that performs actions (e.g., the paddle or ball).
• Forever Loop
  A control block that makes the code inside it repeat endlessly while the game is running.

• Sprite- A character or object that performs actions (e.g., a ball or paddle)
• Backdrop- The background of the game or animation
• Event- Something that starts an action (e.g., clicking the green flag)
• Motion block- Blocks that move a sprite (like “move 10 steps”)

• Binary – A number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1.
  Example: Computers use binary to store and process information.
• Bit – Short for binary digit; the smallest unit of data in computing. It can be a 0 or a 1.
  Example: The number 101 has 3 bits.
• Byte – A group of 8 bits.
  Example: One letter (like “A”) is stored as 1 byte in binary.
• Digital – Information that is stored or transmitted using binary (0s and 1s).
  Example: Digital devices like computers and smartphones use binary code.
• Code – A system of rules used to convert information into another form, like binary.
  Example: Text and images are turned into binary code so a computer can understand them.

1. Bug – A mistake or error in a set of instructions (code) that causes a program not to work correctly.
2. Debugging – The process of finding and fixing bugs in a program or algorithm.
3. Algorithm – A set of clear, step-by-step instructions to solve a problem or complete a task.
4. Sequence – The correct order in which steps or instructions are written and followed.
5. Instruction – A single command or step in an algorithm.

• Algorithm – Clear list of steps to solve a problem
• Precision – Being exact and specific
• Instruction – A command telling someone what to do
• Debug – Find and fix errors

Sprite-A character you control in Scratch

Sequence-The order blocks are placed in

Event-Something that starts the code (like a click)

Loop-A block that repeats an action

Debug-Finding and fixing a coding mistake

• Variable – A name that stores information, like a number or a word, that can change.
• Value – The actual information stored in a variable (like 10, “apple”, or True).
• Assign – To give a value to a variable.
  Example: score = 5 assigns the value 5 to the variable called score.
• Update – To change the value of a variable.
  Example: score = score + 1 increases the score.
• Data – Information stored in a variable (like numbers, words, or true/false).
• String – A type of data that’s made of letters or words.
  Example: “hello”

• If – A word that starts a condition. It asks a question like: “Is this true?”
• Then – What the computer should do if the condition is true.
• Else – What the computer should do if the condition is not true (false).
• Condition – A rule or question that must be checked (like “Is the score > 10?”).
• True – When the condition is correct (it happens or is real).
• False – When the condition is not correct (it doesn’t happen).
• Decision – A choice the computer makes based on the condition.
• Command – An instruction the computer follows when the condition is true or false.
• Boolean – A special kind of value that is only true or false.
• Control Structure – A part of code that controls what happens, like if–then–else.

• Loop – A set of instructions that repeats again and again.
• Repeat – To do something mo re than once.
• Repeat Loop – A loop that repeats a certain number of times (e.g., “repeat 5 times”).
• Forever Loop – A loop that never stops unless you tell it to.
• While Loop – A loop that keeps going as long as something is true (e.g., “while the game is not over”).
• Condition – A rule that tells the loop when to keep going or when to stop.

• Cell – A single box (e.g. B3)
• Row – A horizontal line of cells
• Column – A vertical stack of cells
• Spreadsheet – A digital grid to organise data

• Text – Words or labels in a cell
• Number – Numeric values used in calculations
• Format – To style or organise data clearly
• Heading – The title of a row or column

• Bar chart – Bars show data size or amount
• Pie chart – A circle divided into parts
• Line graph – A line that shows data over time
• Data – Facts or values collected and used

• Internet – A network that connects computers all over the world.
• Website – A place you can visit on the internet, like a page for games, videos, or information.
• Username – The name you choose to log into a website or game.
• Password – A secret code that only you know, used to keep your account safe.
• Private Information – Details about you that you should not share online (like your full name, address, phone number, or school).
• Stranger – Someone you don’t know in real life. Online strangers can pretend to be anyone.
• Cyberbullying – Being mean to someone online by sending hurtful messages or posting bad things.
• Identity Theft – When someone pretends to be you online by using your name, photo, or account.
• Hacker – A person who breaks into computers or accounts without permission.
• Phishing – A trick to get your personal information by pretending to be a safe website or person.
• HTTP – Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol – how websites send and receive information.
• HTTPS – A secure version of HTTP that helps protect your data online. Look for the “s” and the lock icon in the address bar.
• Secure – Safe and protected.
• Link – A piece of text or a button you click to go to a new page or website.
• Digital Footprint – The trail you leave behind when you use the internet (websites you visit, things you post, etc.).

• Backdrop – The background of the stage
• Say block – Makes a sprite “speak” in a cartoon bubble
• Glide – Moves the sprite smoothly
• Costume – Different visual versions of a sprite

• Sprite – A character or object that you control
• Stage – The background where your story plays out
• Script – A set of blocks snapped together to create an action
• Event – A trigger that starts the action (like a green flag or spacebar)

• Condition – A rule that decides what should happen
• If… then – A type of decision in coding
• Loop – A repeat instruction
• Debug – To find and fix a mistake in an algorithm

• Algorithm – A step-by-step instruction set
• Sequence – Doing steps in the correct order
• Task – Something you’re trying to achieve

Rename – Give a file a better, clearer name
Save As – Save a new version with a different name
Search – A tool to help find files on a device

Scratch — A drag and drop programming language made by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at MIT

Scratch Cat — Scratch’s mascot and default sprite.

Sprite — An object in Scratch which performs functions controlled by scripts

Blocks: Programming commands that you snap together to create a program in Scratch.

Algorithm: detailed step-by-step instruction set or formula for solving a problem or completing a task.

Sequence- A particular order in which things follow each other.
Coding- Computer language.

Sequencing is the specific order in which instructions are performed in an algorithm.

An important skill that programmers need is to be able to communicate with others, especially when they are working out what the program should do. They also need to be persistent when finding and fixing bugs. Bugs happen all the time in programming, so being able to identify where the bug occurs and problem solving how to fix it is incredibly important.

Safety: Actions to prevent damage or harm.
Care: Gentle and responsible use.
Shut down: Properly turning off a computer.

Hardware: The physical parts of a computer.
Software: Instructions or code that run on a computer.
CPU: The brain of the computer.

Did you know?

A Quick Look at Early Computers

The first computers weren’t very fancy. One of the earliest examples was the abacus, invented in Babylon around 500 B.C. It was made of string and beads, and its main purpose was to count and keep track of money or goods.
Later, in the 1600s, two inventors created early calculators that used gears and wheels to perform simple mathematical tasks — an important step toward the computers we use today.

Processing: The computer’s thinking.
Storage: The computer’s memory.
Communication: Sending and receiving data between computers.

Input Device: Sends information to the computer.
Output Device: Receives information from the computer.
Cursor: The pointer moved by the mouse.

Device: A tool or machine made for a particular purpose.
Input: Information put into the computer.
Output: The result given by the computer.
Storage: A place where information is saved.
Software: Instructions that tell a computer what to do.

Let’s build a tiny game where:

• One sprite moves using the arrow keys
• Another sprite spins or plays music when clicked
• You create your own goal (like catching something or changing colour)

🧠 Summary

• You used blocks to move and animate sprites
• You created your own animation or game
• You practised sequencing, events, and debugging

Did you know

In Scratch, a “backdrop” refers to the background image displayed on the stage, essentially the scene or setting where your sprites (characters) interact; it’s like the scenery behind the actors in a play, and you can change it to set the mood or context of your project.

Did you know

The first version of Scratch was released in 2003? That means it’s over 20 years old!

Motion – Blocks that move your sprite
Looks – Blocks that change colours or size
Sound – Blocks that play music or effects
Extension – Extra features like music, pen, or video

Sprite – A character or object that follows your code
Stage – Where your project appears and plays
Block – A puzzle piece instruction
Script – A group of blocks joined together
Backdrop – The background on the Stage

Algorithm – A set of step-by-step instructions.
Sequence – The order in which instructions are followed.

ASCII – A code that turns letters into binary
Bit – One 0 or 1 in binary
Byte – A group of 8 bits (like in our bracelet)

Bot – A robot that follows instructions
Run – To follow the instructions in a program
Debug – To fix your program if something goes wrong

Communication: Sharing information between computers.
Network: Two or more computers linked together.
Wi-Fi: Wireless connection used to communicate.

CPU: The part of the computer that processes and thinks.
RAM: Short-term memory used while the computer is working.
Storage: Where files and information are saved.

Output Device: A tool that gives information back from the computer.
Monitor: A screen that displays information.
Printer: A machine that produces paper copies of work from the computer.

Input Device: Any tool that gives information to a computer.
Scanner: A device that copies paper documents into the computer.
Touchscreen: A screen you can control by touching it directly.

CPU: The main chip that makes decisions.
Input: Giving information to the computer.
Output: Getting results from the computer.
Storage: Saving files and data.
Communication: Sharing data between computers.

Remember

The opposite (inverse) of division is multiplication.
Example: 6 × 5 = 30 so we know that 30 ÷ 5 = 6.

When we estimate, we make a good guess based on what we know.

To estimate an answer, we round numbers off to make them easier to work with. For example, 598 ÷ 3 is not easy to calculate. If we round up 598 to 600, the calculation is much easier.

We know that 6 ÷ 3 = 2. So 600 ÷ 3 = 200.

We know that the answer to 598 ÷ 3 will be close to 20

isekhabetheni: it is in the cupboard

izicathulo zami: my shoes

amajazi wami: my coats

khona: here

namhlanje: today

liphi ihembe lakho: where is your shirt

ayikho: it is not here

ikhona: it is here

zisekhabetheni: they are in the cupboard

zisekhishini: they are in the kitchen

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
Please note that ‘yami’ is a possessive / ‘ubumnini’.
‘ya’ + mi (of mine) > ‘yami’.
It is formed by making use of the possessive link for class 9 as follows:

Bewazi? (Did you know?)
Please note that ‘ngi’ has two meanings and note that these formations are written as one word.
Mangihambe. (Let me go.)
Ngiyahamba. (I am going.)

Uthi bewazi? (Did you know?)
‘Ulwandle’ is the word for ‘beach’ but if you replace the initial vowel with an ‘o’ the meaning changes to ‘at the beach’. This is also correct in the story.

The idiom ‘ilanga likhupha iintlanzi emanzini’ has a literal meaning of ‘the sun pulls the fish out of the water – it is very hot’.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

‘Itafula’ is an isiZulu word borrowed from an Afrikaans word ‘tafel’.

Cacisa: explain

Bhukisha: book (verb)

Pheka: cook

Qhuba: drive

Khumbula!(Remember!)

Any noun that starts with ‘i’ their subject concord is zi ie. Uweta iyashesha.

Khumbula!
Ubhalomagama olungafanele luyawona umsebenzi obhaliwe.

Uthi bewazi?

Iqiniso yinto enesisekelo esingephikiswe. Kunobufakazi.

Umbono yindlela umuntu acabanga ngayo ngokuthile. Umbono uncike emizweni yomuntu.

Uthi bewazi?
Umuntu kufanele aphuze izingilazi eziyisishiyagalombili zamanzi ngosuku, ukuze ahlale njalo enempilo ezimbeni wakhe. Phela amanzi avikela ukuthi ungaphathwa izifo zezinso futhi enza ukuba igazi ligijime kahle emzimbeni futhi lihlale lihlanzekile.

Khumbula!
Sebenzisa iimpawu zokubhala ezichanekileyo xa uphendula imibuzo kwaye uqwalasele nopelo lwakho.

Ubusazi na?
Akulunganga usasaza ubuxoki.

Uthi bewazi?
Emtholampilo yilapho othola khona ulwazi ngempilo yakho kanti futhi yilapho othola khona amaphilisi aqondene nempilo yakho. Okunye ukuthi yonke imiphakathi inawo umtholampilo yakhona.

Uthi bewazi?
Uma ungathobeli umthetho womgwaqo amaphoyisa azokugweba ugcine usuphelelwe umsebenzi, kwabafundayo bangaphelelwa ikusasa ngenxa yobudedengu obebungavimbeka.

score: make grooves

pinch out: use fingers to pull the clay out

dynamics: the way movements fit together

contrasting: things that are very different or opposite to each other

pigment: substance that adds colour

Did you know

Taekwondo is an activity that needs dynamic arm movements.
Watch this video:

Did you know

Paitings on the walls of buildings are known as street art.

Source: pexels.com

If you look carefully at this street art painting of a horse you can see that the body of the horse is painted with trees and buildings!

Inja – Dog
Amathambo – Bones
Ukudlala – To play
Ukujula – To throw
Ibala – Field
Qengqeleka – Rolled
Ihlathi – Forest
Iphimpi – Cobra
Amagwebu – Foam

Khumbula!
Besithe umlinganiswa ibali lingqonge yena.

Ubusazi na?
Yenye yonyoka ezinobungozi ehlabathini. Xa ikunqolile kufuneka ukhawuleze udibane nogqirha.

Did you know?

Sometimes, BODMAS is called PEMDAS. It still means the same thing. In some countries, they call brackets parenthesis. The E stands for exponents. We use an O because it can also be squares and roots.

Sifunde okuningi: We have learnt a lot.
Abafana: boys
Amantombazane: young girls
Siqedile: We finished
Kimi: to me
Nyuka: go up
Lapha yana: over there
Umculo: music
Phaka: dish up
Lungisa: fix / get ready
Imisinga: currents
Emuva kwehora: after an hour

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember ‘wonke’ can mean ‘all/every/the whole’

Qoqa means clean (verb) 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That can come before or after the noun ie. ‘bonke abantwana’ or ‘abantwana bonke’

Xoxa: chat 

Khuluma: speak/talk 

Ngasolwandle : near the sea/beach  

Tshela : tell 

Vakashela: a visit 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember a statement could be a question if you put the question mark at the end of it ie. Uyashayela? (Are you driving?) but Uyashayela with no question mark is a statement meaning ‘you are driving’ 

The word ubuhle means beauty 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the name ‘Linda’ means ‘wait’

Inkinga : problem 

Ulimi: tongue / language 

Umshayeli : driver 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember not to add vowels when combining ‘na’ with the noun following in ‘negative’

‘Chat’ is ‘xoxa’ 

Bewazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘umusa’ means ‘kindness’

Umshayeli: driver 

Xoxa: chat 

Banda: cold 

Shisa: hot 

Tshela : tell 

Umngani: friend 

Othisha: teachers 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember the noun ‘imfundiso’ a lesson, is derived from the verb ‘fundisa’ which means teach

The word ‘wosa’ is a vowel verb meaning a braai  

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘ulwandle’ means ‘the beach’ or ‘sea’ in isiZulu

Umlando: History 
Isayensi: Science 
Ungabafunzi: Don’t feed them 
Izimfene: Baboons 
Kwakufanele: It was necessary 
Ngemuva kwesikhashana: Afrter a while 
Fika: Arrive 
Indawo: Place 
Misa: stop 
Imisinga: currents 
Hlangana: meet 
Yosiwe: braaid 
Imfundiso: a lesson 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember ‘musani’ and ‘musani uku’ both mean don’t plural 

The word Jografi is a borrowed word meaning Geography 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That both words ‘vakashela’ and ‘vakasha’ means visit 

Izibhamu: guns 

Isibhamu: gun 

Gcina: keep 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember that copulatives are on nouns 

Inja is a dog 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the copulative concord is prefixed infront of the noun 

Isela: a thief 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember isela is a thief but isele is a frog

Isigebengu is a thief 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the synonym of the word ufile is ‘shonile’ 

Sikhombisa: seven 

Sishagalombili: eight 

Sishagalolunye: nine 

Shumi: ten 

Banzi: wide 

Mhlophe: white 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember the word ‘dubula’ could mean shoot or sprout 

The word ‘mnyama’ means ‘black’ 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That word ‘luhlaza’ could mean ‘rude’ or ‘raw’ 

Izidakamizwa: drugs 

Umatasatasa: busy 

Izigebengu: thieves 

Sonke: all of us 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember that the plural of ‘umsebenzi(work)’ is ‘imisebenzi’ but ‘umsebenzi (a worker)’ is ‘abasebenzi’ 

The verb ‘sebenza’ means work 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘umsebenzi’ could mean 2 things ‘a worker’ or ‘work’ 

Ima: stand/stop 

Ngaki: how many 

Xoxa: chat 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember the word bamba can mean hold or catch

Iphoyisa is a policeman 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That although the word ‘iphoyisa’ is a borrowed word it belongs to class 5 therefore its plural is ‘amaphoyisa’

Inyanga: month 

Matewu: Mathew 

Amanzi: water 

Phuza: drink (cold) 

Incwadi: book 

Intshumayelo: preaching 

Izwa: hear 

Yonke into: everything 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember that ‘za’ is one syllable and means ‘come’ 

The word ‘hleba’ means gossip 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That there are qualified and unqualified locatives  

Hleba: gossip 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember to insert suffix ‘iwa’ on one syllable verbs in passive

The word ‘thumela’ means send 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That ‘passive verbs’ are followed by copulatives  

Nhle: beautiful 

Ntsha: young/fresh 

Isahluko: chapter 

Ivesi: verse 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember the word ‘kakhulu’ means very or a lot  

‘Nayi’ is ‘here is’ 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the noun ‘ibhayibheli’ is a borrowed word from English 

Umshumayeli: the preacher 

Shumayela: preach 

UNkulunkulu: God 

Cula: sing 

Isipho: gift 

Khumbula! (Remenber!)
Remember that emphatic pronouns do not replace the subject concord 

The word ‘ukushumayela’ means to preach 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘Izwi’ is referring to the word of God which is believed as the voice of God. 

Sithupha: six 

Ibhayibheli: bible 

Thandaza: pray 

Umthandazo: a prayer 

Umfundisi: the pastor 

Amalungu esonto: church members 

Ibandla: congregation 

Kangaka: so much 

Izwi: a voice  

Izono: sins 

Ibandla: congregation 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember the plural of ‘umfundisi’ is ‘abefundisi’ not ‘abafundisi’ as it should 

‘Amalungu esonto’ are church members 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘umfundisi’ could mean a pastor or a teacher  

Ukushona kwelanga: sunset
Abekho: they are not present
Futhi: again
Buya: come back
Bayasebenzisana: they work together
Imithi: medicine
Kuze: until
Noma: or
Njengoba nazi: as you all know

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember that the conjunction ‘ngenxa’ is always followed by a possessive ‘ya’ 

‘gula’ means sick 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘Siza’ could mean ‘please’ or ‘help’ 

Umfana: a young man

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember the umuntu is a person but umntwana is a little person or a child

Odokotela is a plural word for doctors

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘Mhlengikazi’ is in passive and is followed by copulative

Ikhadi: card 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember now you can now use ‘nangu’ for nouns in class 1/1a/3 

The word ‘odokotela’ means ‘doctors.’ 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That long ago to say ‘here is’ to a noun in class 3 will be ‘nangu’ ie nangu umuthi and for a noun in class 1/1a will be nangu umntwana

Isiguli sangaphakathi: An inpatient
Isiguli sangaphandle: An outpatient

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember that absolute pronouns do not replace the subject concord 

The word ‘hlola’ means examine 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘isiguli’ is also a word used for a patient 

Udokotela: doctor
Umhlengikazi: nurse
Isiguli: patient
Isibhedlela: hospital
Hlola: examine
Isiguli sokuqala: first patient
Umqolo: back (ache)
Buhlungu: sore
Imbangela: the cause
Hlaba: inject
Inaliti: an injection

Khumbula! (Remember!)
Remember the suffix ‘kazi’ is used to indicate gender 

Udokotela is a doctor 

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
That the word ‘umhlengikazi’ means a nurse and has ‘kazi’ as suffix which indicates gender because before this profession was taken by females?

Remember:
To work with different units of measure for liquids, convert to ml, do the calculation and then convert back to litres.

Remember:
That all grid references start with the column and then the row.

Remember:

Work slowly and carefully through word problems to make sue you understand what you must do.

ithanga: pumpkin
amathanga: pumpkins
umfino: wild spinach
imifino: (wild spinaches)
isithelo (fruit)
izithelo (fruits)
Inyama yangaphakathi: tripe

Khumbula! (Remember!)
If you start your sentence with somebody’s name (which is a noun in noun class 1a), make sure you write the ‘u’ and the first letter of the person’s name in capital letters.

Isibonelo (example):
UThandeka uthole ukudla.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The noun extension or suffix ‘kazi’ can be used to indicate female.

Izibonelo (examples):
uthisha (teacher)
uthishelakazi (female teacher)

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
‘Isitambu’ is a very traditional and popular dish, sometimes enjoyed with beans (‘amabhontshisi’).

abantwana: children
ukudla: food
ushukela: sugar
ifriji: fridge
isitofu: stove
ushizi: cheese
inkukhu: chicken
imifino:vegetables
izithelo:fruits
ubhontshisi nesitambu: samp and beans
amagwinya: vetkoek

Khumbula! (Remember!)
The negative link for class 1 and 1a is ‘aka’. If the verb is a stative verb the verb-ending ‘ile’ is removed and replaced with ‘anga’.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

If you want to say ‘let us eat’ use ‘ma’ as follows: 

Masidle. (Let us eat.) 

Masiye. (Let us go.) 

Please note that the verb is now in the subjunctive mood(Isimo sokuzithoba) . 

The ‘si’ refers to ‘us’. Please note that ‘masidle’ (let us eat) is written as one word in isiZulu. 

Khumbula! (Remember!)
If the ‘a’ of ‘ngo’ coalesces with the ‘u’ of ‘uphuthu’ the ‘a’ and the ‘u’ becomes ‘o’ and the word ngophuthu is formed.

Umhumusho kaKatatsi (Katatsi translation)
pheka: cook
ini: what
uphuthu: traditional porridge
kuhle: great / well done
ukudla: to eat / food
kulungile: it is fine
amasi: clabber
ngamasi: with clabber
ngobisi: with milk
uphuthu namasi: traditional porridge and clabber
egunjini lokudlela: dining room

The word ‘ngophuthu’ is formed as follows: ‘ngo’ (with) + uphuthu = ngophuthu (with traditional porridge)

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘ukudla’ can be used as a noun in noun class 15 as well as an infinitive 

Izibonelo (Examples):
Ngithanda ukudla uphuthu. (I like to eat porridge.)
Sithenga ukudla ezitolo. (We buy food in the shops.)

The verb ‘fikile’ (has arrived) is written in the Recent past tense where the verb ends in ‘ile’ and not the regular ‘a’ of the present tense.

Umhumusho kaKatatsi (Katatsi translation)
intwasahlobo ifikile: spring has arrived
kumnandi: it is nice / pleasant
izimbali zinhle: the flowers are beautiful
izihlahla ziyahluma: the trees are sprouting
efamu: to the farm
izimbali zasendle: the wildflowers
ngiyakukhumbula: I am longing to see you

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
The address (idilesi) you write on a postcard is the address of the person you are writing to.

ukungena: to enter
ukungangeni: not to enter

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
The negative of the infinitive is formed as follows:

uku + nga + verb + i-ending to verb

Izibonelo:
ukungasebenzi (not to work)
ukungayi (not to go)

ngisahlala: I am still sitting
ngaphandle: outside
basacosha: they are still picking
usadlala: he or she is still playing
imbali: a flower
izimbali: flowers
izimbali zisadubula: the flower is still blooming
izimbali: flowers
amadoda: men
Idla: eat
izithelo: fruits

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
The word ‘izimbali’ translated into English is ‘a flower’, ‘the flower’ or simply ‘flower’.

Khumbula! (Remember!)
he verb ‘thanda’ can be translated into English meaning ‘love’ or ‘like

thanda: like
kakhulu: a lot
dlala: play
kamnandi: nicely
qala: start
Imbali: flower
hlala: stay
kamnandi: nicely
Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka: this time of the year

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
The noun for the word ‘flower’ is ‘izimbali’ but the verb ‘flower’ in isiXhosa is ‘dubula’. The verb ‘dubula’ also means ‘shoot’.

intwasahlobo: spring
izimbali: flowers
izimbali zasendle: wildflowers
Isihlahla: tree
Izihlahla: trees
amasimu: lands
Iqabunga: leaf
amaqabunga: leaves
Inyoni: bird
Izinyoni: birds
Ihlumela: sprout
khelela: pick for
Lalela: listen
baleka: run
dubula: bloom
efamu: on the farm

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
The words you could use for the English word ‘spring’. Is ‘intwasahlobo’.
Nansi ividiyo yentwasahlobo:

wenzani: what are you doing
ekuseni: in the morning
sebenza: work
sebenzisana: work together
dlala: play
dlalani: play together
pheka: cook
idla: eat
Ngaphandle: outside
egunjini lokuphekela: the kitchen
engadini: in the garden

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)
If the verbal extension ‘ana’ is added to the verb the meaning changes completely. It changes to ‘something people do together’ or ‘something people do to each other’. Add ‘ana’ to the ending of the verb and omit the final vowel.

Izibonelo (Examples):
Siyadlalana.  (We play together.)
Bayasebenzisana. (They work together.)

Khumbula! (Remember!)
In the sentence ‘Ubhuti uqokelela amhlamvu engadini.’
The ‘u’ added to the verb ‘qokelela’ is the subject-verb link and links the subject of the sentence (ubhuti) to the verb ‘qokelela’.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

If a sentence is written in the Present tense negative form the verb ends in ‘i’ and the noun following the negative form is written without its initial vowel or vowels.

The synonym for the verb ‘Isidlo sasemini’ is the borrowed word ‘ilantshi’ (lunch).

Khumbula! (Remember!)

If you start a sentence with somebody’s name, the initial vowel ‘u’ is a capital letter and the letter the name starts with is also written with capital letter.
Isibonelo: UThandeka ebeye eKapa ngamaholidi.

Ububona: you were seeing.
Bengibona: I was seeing.
Bengiya: you were going.
Besiya: we were going.
Besiya: they were visiting.
Izindawo: places
kakhulu: a lot

rhythmic: having a regular repeated pattern of sounds or movements

posture: the position in which someone holds their body when standing or sitting

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘uhambo’ (journey) is derived from the verb ‘hamba’ with the meaning ‘walk’.

The word ‘iresturenti’ is a borrowed word from the English word ‘restaurant’.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

After the conjunctive ‘kuba’ the subject-verb link for noun class 2 is ‘be’.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The subject verb link for the Present tense, Recent past and Future tense are the same used in the positive and the negative.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That the sentence ‘angikuthandi ukudla’ could mean ‘I do not like to eat’ or ‘I do not like food’

The word ‘sa’ is take but take something or someone from one place to another but’sa’ in a different context could mean ‘still’ ie. Ngisafunda: I am still studying

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that the word ‘sa’ is to take something/someone from one place to another whereas ‘thatha’ is take similar to pick up ie Ngithatha ukudla kwami etafuleni ( I take my food from the table)

Cebo:plan/ing
Izindawo: places
Esikhumulweni sezindiza: At the airport
Umlungiseleli wohambo: travel agent
Siza: help
Ngingakusiza: Can I help you?
Buza: ask
Indiza: an airoplane
Isaphulelo: a discount
Inyanga: month/moon
Imephu: map

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That izindawo zokuhlala are ‘places of staying’ meaning ‘accomodations’

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that the locative of airport is esikhumulweni sezindiza

Indawo yokuhlala/izindawo zokuhlala: accomodation/s
Intengiso: sale
Izithuthi: transport
eziningi: a lot

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That eDubai is a place name and is in locatives hence the ‘e’ in front

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember to add vowels together when a noun is added to ‘na’

Abantu: people
Abashayeli: drivers
izithuthi: transport

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That the word ‘vuma’ is agree, when you say ‘imfuyo ikuvumile’ it literally means the livestock has agreed with you meaning it has increased or agreed to increase

Umphathi is a manager

In the word ‘eMpuma-Koloni’ the verb ‘phuma’ is used to indicate ‘the rising of the sun’.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember ‘ifama’ and ‘ipulazi’ are synnonyms meaning a farm and they are both borrowed words from English and Afrikaans

Amantombazane: girls
Imindeni: families
Ngamaholidi: during the holidays

Umphathi: manager
Abasebenzi: workers
Isivuno: harvest
Imfuyo: livestock
Iharigi: rake
Amawele: twins
Nyuka:increase/ go up
-anda: enlarge/increase
Imvu: sheep
Khonkotha: barks
Iholo: salaries
Kakhulu: very/ a lot
Bonga: thankful/grateful

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

If the person who possesses (something or somebody)
is a noun in noun class 1a ‘ka’ is used ‘ka’ is used when something or somebody in noun class 9 is possessed.

Izibonelo:
Isitolo sikababa (dad’s shop)
Ipentshisi likasisi (sister’s peach)
imoto kaNomsa (Nomsa’s car)

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The noun ‘Umfaniswano’ is derived from the verb ‘gqoka’ (put on or dress).

Khumbula! (Remember!)

The subject-verb link used when the subject of the sentence is a noun in noun class 1 and 1a is ‘u’ in the positive and ‘aka’ in the negative. In the negative the verb will take the ‘i’ ending.
Isibonelo:
Ubaba akasebenzi namhlanje. (Father is not working today.)
Ubaba uyasebenza. (Father is working.)

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word for bicycles is ‘amabhayisikili’. This is a noun in noun class 10 and has the prefix ‘ii’. The dimunitive form is ‘amabhayisikili amancane’. (small bicycles)

Khumbula! (Remember!)

The possessive link for noun class 10 is ‘za’.
Izibonelo (Examples):

Amabhayisikili ami (my bicycles)
Amabhayisikili akho (your bicycles)
Amabhayisikili (his or her bicycles)

UThandeka unebhayisikili elincane. (Thandeka has a small bicycle.)

Leli bhayisikili linamasondo amancane . (This bicycle has small wheels.)

Umntwana uthanda leli bhayisikili lakhe. (The child likes this bicycle.)

Isikole sethu yisikole esincane. (Our school is a small school.)

UThandeka ubeka ibhayisikili lakhe phezu kwetafula elincane. (Thandeka puts her bicycle on top of the small table.)

Isikhangiso: advertisement
Isitolo samabhayisikili: bicycle shop
Wozani nonke kulesi sitolo: all of you come to this shop
Izitolo zemidlalo: shops of Game
Ezitolo: these shops
Ekuseni: in the morning
Kusihlwa: during the evening
Zishibile: they are cheap
Walala wasala: if you snooze you loose
Iwashi: a watch
Mahhala: for free

The noun ‘uthando’ (love) is derived from the verb ‘thanda’ (love / like).

Kodwa: but
Akathandi: does not like
Kulesi sitolo: at this shop
Abafuni: they do not want
Bathanda ukudla: they like to eat
Upheka: he or she cooks
Lezi zithelo: these fruits
Ngithanda: I like

Uyayazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘kakhulu’ is an adverb and describes the verb.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

A verb in the Recent past tense ends in ‘e’ or ‘ile’.
Izibonelo (Examples):
UThandeka uwe endleleni. (Thandeka fell in the road.)
UThandeka uwile. (Thandeka fell.)

Unebhayisikili: she or he has a bicycle
Iluhlaza: is green
Nomngani wakhe: with her friend
La bantwana: these children
Edolobheni: to town
Ukuya: to go
Olwandle: to the sea
Ibhayisikili liyagijima: the bicycle went fast
Kakhulu: very
Ukuwa: fall
we: fell
kodwa: but
Khala: cry
Khalile: cried
Ujabulile: he or she is happy
Leli bhayisikili: this bicycle
Umngani weqiniso: a true friend

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘isaladi’ is a borrowed word from the English word ‘salad’.

The verb ‘thengisa’ (buy) is the opposite (isichasi) of ‘thenga’ (buy). The verbal extension ‘isa’ replaces the final vowel (‘a’) of the verb ‘thenga’.

Ngithenga: I buy
Esitolo sikababa : at father’s shop
Uthengisa: he sells
Izinto eziningi: many things
Obaba: fathers
Amabhulukwe amaningi: many pants
Ukudla: food
Kulesi sitolo sikababa: at this shop of father
Amantombazane: the girls
Umntwana udla: the baby eats
Isaladi lezithelo: vegetable salad

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

If you use a mono-syllabic verb in an instruction or command, you must use ‘yi’ as follows:
Idla ukudla kwakho! (Eat your food!)
Ima lapha! (Wait here!)

The word ‘amaswidi’ (sweets) is a borrowed word and borrowed from the Afrikaans word ‘lekkers’.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘Ekhemisi’ (at the chemist) could be replaced with ‘ikhemisi’ – these two words have the same meaning when translated into English.

You will need:

• large space
• loose clothes
• audio equipment
• ribbons or batons.

‘amaphilisi’ (pills) is a noun in noun class 10 and ‘amaphilisi’ (medicines) a noun in noun class 6.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That the noun ‘umsebenzi’ has different meanings. It can be ‘a worker’ or ‘work’

‘Imfuyo’ is livestock from a verb ‘fuya’ breed

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that the past tense of the irregular verb is also ‘anga’ but from the original present tense word

Khumbula! (Remember!)

If you speak to somebody directly, you drop the initial vowel of the (noun) person you are addressing.
Izibonelo(Example):

Sawubona, dokotela! (Morning doctor!)
Unjani, Sipho? (How are you Sipho?)

Umsebenzi: work (noun)
Imisebenzi: work (noun)
-sebenza: work (verb)
Umsebenzi: worker
Abasebenzi: workers
Vuna: harvest

Angiphilanga: I am not fine
Ngiphethwe ikhanda: I have a headache
Qala: start
Ekuseni: in the morning
Unamakhaza: he or she has a cold
Kufuneka usele: you must drink
Amaphilisi: pills
Amaphilisi amabili kathathu ngelanga: two pills three times a day
Esibhedlela: at the hospital
Ekhemisi: at the chemist

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That the word ‘itshomi’ is an informal word for ‘umngani’

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that the word ‘isibingeleli’ is a noun for a greeting but ‘bulisa’ is greet

Ikheli: an adress
Isingeniso: an introduction
Okuqhukethwe: a content
Isiphetho: end/ing
Ubungani: friendship
Isithandwa: lover

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

‘kwadokotela’ translated into English is ‘to the doctor’
‘kwadokotela’ translated into English is ‘at the doctor’

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That ‘ukubhukuda’ and ‘swima’ are synonyms for swimming or to swim

The word for ‘nurse’ is either ‘umhlengikazi’ or the borrowed word ‘unesi’.

The word ‘Umzansi Afrika’ is South Africa

Uya: he or she goes
Kuphi: where
Kufanele: must / have to
Phuza: drink
Kudokotela: to the doctor
Amaphilisi: pills
Kathathu ngosuku: three times per day
Amalanga amabili: two days
Hamba: return home
Bahlala: they live

You will need the following:

• your clay elephant from the previous lesson
• paints
• paint brushes
• water

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word for Tuesday is ‘uLwesibili’. ‘bili’ has the meaning ‘two’ and therefore refers to the second day of the week.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that the word ‘ngiyakukhumbula’ can mean ‘I remember you’ or ‘I miss you’

The word ‘nginekhanda’ is formed by making use of ‘na’ in the following way:
Ngi (I) + ne (has or have) + khanda (a head) = nginekhanda
(a+a=a)

Amanzi olwandle: sea water
Banda: cold
Uchwepheshe: an expert
Iminyaka: years
Indawo yokuqala: first place
Emncintiswaneni: competition
Izimpahla zokubhukuda: swimming costume
Umbala: colour
Ubungani: friendship

Khumbula! (Remember!)

After the word ‘k’ the verb ends in ‘e’.
Izibonelo: Kufanele ngiye kwadokotela. (I must go to the doctor.)

Ngiya: I go
Nginomkhuhlane: I have flu
Ngiphethwe yikhanda: I have a headache
Ubuhlungu: pain
Ukhathazekile: you, she or he is concerned
Ngisembhedeni: I am in bed
Ngizizwa: I feel
Ngingcono: better
Kusasa: tomorrow

Phonsa ilitshe: throw the stone
Emanzini: into the water
Baleka kakhulu: runs hard
Sibona: we see
Emfanekisweni: in the picture
ngemifula: about rivers
Amaphoyisa ayasivikela: police protect us
ipoyisa lisiza: the policeman assists

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

Although the noun ‘Iso’ is a noun in noun class 5, the plural is not ‘amahlo’ but ‘amehlo’.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That yiqiniso is in copulative meaning ‘it is true’ but the word ‘iqiniso’ means true

‘Izindlela’ is the word for ‘roads’ and ‘ezindleleni’ is the locative form and has the meaning ‘in the roads’

‘Beletha’ is a verb meaning carry on back but is similar to the word ‘baleka’ meaning run

Thola: get

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that when using ‘nga’ as can the S.C. from class 1/1a changes from ‘u’ to ‘a’

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That you can definitely know that ‘za’ is a latent ‘i’ verb when you are not using it in a command ie. umama uyeza (u+ya+(i)za)

Umphathi is a manager or a boss

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember to put ‘yi’ infront of all monosyllabic verbs

lwa: fight
wa: fall

Did you know?

Some pianos have more than 88 keys.

Have you ever played a piano?

tempo: the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘duzane’ (close by) is often followed by ‘na’.
Izsibonelo: USipho uhlala eduze nekhemisi (Sipho stays close to the chemist.)

The words ‘fa’ (die) and ‘Shonile’ (die) are synonyms.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Inserting ‘sa’ changes the meaning of a verb construction completely.
Isibonelo: Ngisahlala ekhaya. (I am still staying at home.)

Ngigibela ibhasi ngiye kwadokotela: I ride the bus and go to the doctor.
Esibhedlela: the hospital
Bagula kakhulu: they are very ill
USipho ugula kakhulu uphuza amaphilisi: Sipho is very sick and drinks pills.
Ucela usizo: he requests help
Isitimela: train
Nje: so / like so
Otshanini: on the grass
Thatha: take
Lama philisi: these pills
Ngena uhlale phansi: Enter and sit down.
Ngisakhwehlela: I am still coughing.
Ukuthenga: to buy
Yimalini: how much is it
Ukukunika: to give you
Ngiyakubonga: I thank you

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘emgwaqeni’ is borrowed from the Afrikaans word ‘straat’ (road).

‘athi’ is also a vowel commencing verb – note that this verb also ends in ‘i’ and not the regular ‘a’ ending of most verbs used in the present tense.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

In the word ‘enkulu’ in ‘ingozi enkulu’ the ‘h’ of ‘khulu’ is omitted. The reason being that a noun in noun class 9 is described.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The ‘wami’ in ‘uthishelakazi wami’ is a possessive (ubunini) and is formed by making use of the possessive link of class 1 and 1a (wa) added to ‘m’. It has the meaning ‘mine’ or directly translated ‘of mine’.

Amaphoyisa amabili: two policemen
Ingozi enkulu: big accident
Kulungile: it is fine.
Masisheshe: let us hurry.
Ngizokuvikela: I will protect you.
Ngiyabonga: I thank you.
Kule ndawo: to this place

The word ‘incwadi’ is a noun in noun class 9 with the prefix (isimaphambili) ‘in’.

Wena ungubani?: Who are you?
Namhlanje: today
Sizofunda: we will learn
Namhlanje: today
Ngezenzo: about verbs
Sebenzisa: use
Umyalelo: in a command
Usebenzile: well done
Beka incwadi etafuleni: put the book on the table
Uzophumelela emaqabungeni esihlahla: you will succeed (high up in the leaves of a tree) very well
Ngiyathemba: I am hoping
Insimbi iyakhala: the bell is ringing
Nawe: and you

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

‘Iphoyisa’ is a noun in noun class 5 with its plural (‘Amaphoyisa’) in noun class 6

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That a diary entry is like a journal

The negative of the word ‘Izidakamizwa’ (drugs) is ‘akusizo izidakamizwa’

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember to write a diary in the 1st person or 3rd person

Ubufakazi: it is evidence.
Ukudla: it is food.
Iphoyisa: it is a policeman.
Yijele: it is a prison.

dlisa: feed
Isingeniso sedayari: Diary entry
Idayari: diary
Zizwa:feel
Ulimi olungahlelekile: informal language
Vela: must appear/ let it appear

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word ‘ukudla kwa sekuseni’ (breakfast) is often replaced with the borrowed word ‘ibhulakufesi’.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

Although the adjective link for the following word is ‘ezin’ it changes to ‘ezim’ when a noun in noun class 9 or 10 is described.
Isibonelo: Amatafula amabi (ugly tables)

The word ‘Amatafula’ (tables) is a borrowed word from the Afrikaans word ‘tafula’.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember to eliminate the ‘h’ in the adjective ‘khulu’ when a noun in noun classes 9 and 10 are described.
Isibonelo: itafula elikhulu (big table)

-Ntsha: new
-Ndala: old
-Nkulu: big
-Ncane: small
-Nde: long
-Mfishane: short
-Nhle: beautiful

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That isimo sezulu/izulu is weather

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that absolute pronouns do not replace subject concords

Following the word ‘kufanele’ the verb is in the subjunctive mood and ends in ‘e’.

Ubungani: friendship
Isiphuzo: a cold drink
Yinhl: beautiful

Ngiyasebenza: I am working.
Awusabi: are you not afraid.
Angisabi: I am not afraid.
Ngemuva koku hamba: after leaving.
Ngaphambi kokuya: before leaving.
Amanye amaphoyisa: other police.
Ukudla kwase kuseni: breakfast
Kulungile: it is fine.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That the language used in a formal letter is not the same as the one used in a friendly letter

The word ‘themba’ could mean trust or hope

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember to use two addresses in a formal letter

Qaphela: take note/ consider
Cabangela:consideration
Ukuhlukunyezwa: to abuse
Impatho embi: abuse
Yezilwanyana: of animal
Ubiko: to report
Loludaba: this matter

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That the word ‘izimpahla zoku’ means a costume?

‘Iziphuzo’ is a plural of the word ‘isiphuzo’

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that ‘na’ with pronoun replaces a noun

Phuza: drink (verb)
Isiphuzo: drink (noun)

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That Phakathi coulod mean between or inside

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember to use ‘kwa’ after postion words

Buka: look
Lana: here
Indlu: house
Isihlahla: a tree
Umnyango: door

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That both verbs ‘khokha’ and ‘hlawula’ means pay

The locative ‘ehhotela’ means ‘at the hotel’

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that when using applied extension is when you doing ‘to’ or ‘for’

Chaza: explain
Bhukha: book (verb)
Pheka: cook
Shayela: drive

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That ‘uJakalasi and Ikameli’ are personified because they are portrayed as talking and thinking like humans

That stative verbs are expressed in the recent past tense which is also known as the perfect tense

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The isiZulu word ‘mahala’ is used when you get something for free.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

‘Umfama’ is the farmer (the person) and ‘ifamu’ is the farm (the place)

If the demonstrative pronoun ‘le’ is used with a noun the initial vowel of the noun is ommitted.
Isibonelo: (Example)
Isitolo. (This shop.)

Ujakalasi: the jackal
Ikameli: the camel
Umoba: sugar cane
Umfula: the river
Emfuleni: in the river
Insimi: field
Gibela: climb
Emqolo: on back
Hlaba: slaughter
Ngale nkathi: at this time
Beletha: carry on back
Ngaphesheya komfula: across the river

Kunye: one
Kubili: two
Kuthathu: three
Kune: four
Kuhlanu: five
Yisithupha: six

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That another isiZulu word for a farmer is umlimi in class 1 with the plural in class 2

Abalimi are farmers

Umfana: a boy

Abafana: boys

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that udyakalashe is class 1a but inkamela is in class 9

Yeba: steal
Wela: cross (river)
Ngena: enter/ come in

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The word isikhangiso is a compound noun formed by combining the two nouns ‘isikhangiso’ (advertisement) and ‘dayisa’ (sale).

Khumubula! (Remember!)

If commanding one person in isiZulu only the verb is used. A command to more than one person ‘ni’ is added to the verb.
Isibonelo:Thenga lama pensela! (Buy these pens!)
(Singular command)
Thengisa amapensela! (Buy these pens!)
(Plural command)

Isikhathi yokuvula: opening time
Isikhathi yokuvala: closing time.
Ikheli: address
Uma uthenga amabili uthola eyodwa mahala: If you buy two you get one free.
Inombolo yocingo: phone number
Sikuphi lesi sitolo: where is this shop
Thenga lana! Buy here! (plural command)
Woza lana! Come here! (plural command)

You will need the following:

• open space
• audio equipment
• examples of musical instruments

Ubuwazi?

The isiZulu for ‘in Johannesburg’ is ‘eGoli’. (at or in the place of gold)

The adverbs ‘ngolonwabu’ (slowly) and ’ngokushesha’ (quickly) are synonyms.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Some adverbs of place are also known as locatives as these words indicate place. In isiZulu these words are known as ‘izindawo’.

appliance: a device that helps with household chores

Did you know?

The Cuvier’s beaked whale can stay in the water longer than any other animal. 3 hours and 42 minutes!

source: wikimedia.org

A Cuvier’s beaked whale.

Did you know?

Did you know that there are over 800 000 swimming pools in South Africa?

There are different types of swimming pools.

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

That although umfamu is a human in class 1 the plural is amafama

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

The noun ‘Umfaniswano’ is derived from the verb ‘gqoka’ (put on or dress).

The verbs ‘bhukuda’ and ‘qubha’ are synonyms meaning ‘swim’

Khumbula! (Remember!)

The word for ‘city’ is ‘Idolobha’ and a noun in noun class 7.
The plural of ‘Idolobha’ is ‘Amadolobha’.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that ‘ma’ is always followed by verb ending in ‘e’

Iya: (go destination)
Hamba: go (no destination)/ travel/ walk
Hlaba: slaughter

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

When you write a sentence into the Future tense one of the following changes to the Present tense sentence can be made.

Inkathi yamanje (Present tense):
UThandeka uthanda ubaba wakhe. (Thandeka loves her father.)

Inkathi ezayo (Future tense):
UThandeka uzo thanda ubaba wakhe.

The verb ‘thanda’ has the meanings ‘love’ or ‘like’.

Ekuseni: in the morning
Sebenza: work
Fika: arrive.
Gqekeza: break in
Endlini: into the house / in the house
Namhlanje: today
Ngena: enter.
Phekela: cook for
Iphalishi: porridge

illusions: a trick of the eye

Ubuwazi? (Did you know?)

‘mina’ is known as a pronoun and is used for emphasis.
Isibonelo: Mina, ngibhalela ugogo wami incwadi. (As for me, I am writing grandmother a letter.)

All words for different colours are Relatives.

Khumbula! (Remember!)

If ‘ela’ is added to the verb ‘bhala’ the meaning changes completely.
Isibonelo: Ngibhalela ugogo wami incwadi. (I write to grandmother a letter.)

Gogo engimuthandayo: dear grandmother
Sifike: we arrived.
Ehhotela: at the hotel
Namhlanje: today
Izindawo ezinhle: beautiful places
Ngicabanga: I think.
Kuzoba mnandi: it will be pleasant.
Kuzoba nzima: it will be difficult.
Thumela: send to

Khumbula! (Remember!)

Remember that in Future tense negative the verb stays the same but the vowel of ‘za ku’ will be ‘zi ku’

Khumbula! (Remember!)
The subject-verb link links the subject to the verb or the locative construction. See the following examples where the subject-verb-links are highlighted.

1. Inja isekhaya. (The dog is at home.)
2. Ubaba usebenza eKapa. (Father works in Cape Town.)
3. Abantwana bahlala egunjini lokudlela. (The children sit in the dining room.)

umndeni: family
ingane: baby
umntwana: child
Indodana: son
abazali: parents
ikhaya: home
igumbi lokudla: dining room